Social Psychology, 9th Edition
- Length: 840 pages
- Edition: 9
- Language: English
- Publisher: Pearson
- Publication Date: 2021-11-02
- ISBN-10: 1292352833
- ISBN-13: 9781292352831
- Sales Rank: #3815311 (See Top 100 Books)
Gain a broad yet thorough understanding of Social Psychology, exploring both classic and contemporary theory, concepts, issues and research.
This trusted, market-leading text offers the most comprehensive coverage of Social Psychology in the market and is an essential resource whether you are studying, teaching or researching this fascinating subject.
Now in its ninth edition, Hogg & Vaughan’s Social Psychology provides in-depth scientific coverage of social psychological theory and research. It places social psychology in a contemporary, real-world context and explores new, cutting-edge research as well as bringing classic theories to life.
A key strength of the text is its unique global approach, combining UK, European and North American perspectives. Highly visual and rich with interesting examples and innovative learning features, the book is lively and engaging and encourages you to apply concepts to your own life and understand social issues within the wider world.
Cover Page Advisory editorial board Title Copyright Brief contents Contents Preface About the authors Guided tour 1 Introducing social psychology What is social psychology? Social psychology and its close neighbours Topics of social psychology Research methods Scientific method Experiments Non-experimental methods Data and analysis Research ethics Physical welfare of participants Respect for privacy Use of deception Informed consent Debriefing Theories and theorising Theories in social psychology Social psychology in crisis Reductionism and levels of explanation Positivism and post-positivism Historical context Social psychology in the nineteenth century The rise of experimentation Later influences The journals Social psychology in Europe About this text Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 2 Social cognition and social thinking Social psychology and cognition A short history of cognition in social psychology Forming impressions of other people What information is important? Biases in forming impressions Cognitive algebra Social schemas and categories Types of schemas Categories and prototypes Categorisation and stereotyping How we use, acquire and change schemas Using schemas Acquiring schemas Changing schemas Social encoding Salience Vividness Accessibility Memory for people Contents of person memory Organisation of person memory Using person memory Social inference Departures from normality Heuristics Improving social inference Affect and emotion Antecedents of affect Consequences of affect Emotion regulation Beyond cognition and neuroscience Where is the 'social' in social cognition? Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 3 Attribution and social explanation Seeking the causes of behaviour How people attribute causality People as naive psychologists From acts to dispositions People as everyday scientists Extensions of attribution theory Explaining our emotions Attributions for our own behaviour Task performance attributions Applications of attribution theory Individual differences and attributional styles Interpersonal relationships Attributional biases Correspondence bias, the fundamental attribution error, and essentialism The actor–observer effect The false consensus effect Self-serving biases Intergroup attribution Attribution and stereotyping Social knowledge and societal attributions Social representations Rumour and gossip Conspiracy theories Societal attributions Culture's contribution Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 4 Self and identity Who are you? Self and identity in historical context Psychodynamic self Individual versus collective self Collective self Symbolic interactionist self Self-awareness Self-knowledge Self-schemas Regulatory focus theory Inferences from our behaviour Social comparison and self-knowledge Many selves, multiple identities Types of self and identity Contextual sensitivity of self and identity In search of self-coherence Social identity theory Personal identity and social identity Processes of social identity salience Consequences of social identity salience Self-motives Self-assessment and self-verification Self-enhancement Self-esteem Self-esteem and social identity Individual differences In pursuit of self-esteem Self-presentation and impression management Strategic self-presentation Expressive self-presentation Cultural differences in self and identity Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 5 Attitudes Structure and function of attitudes A short history of attitudes Attitude structure Attitude functions Cognitive consistency Cognition and evaluation Decision-making and attitudes Can attitudes predict behaviour? Beliefs, intentions and behaviour Attitude accessibility Attitude strength and direct experience Reflecting on the attitude–behaviour link Moderator variables Forming attitudes Behavioural approaches Cognitive development Sources of learning Concepts related to attitudes Values Ideology Social representations Measuring attitudes Attitude scales Using attitude scales today Physiological measures Measures of overt behaviour Measuring covert attitudes Concluding thoughts Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 6 Persuasion and attitude change Attitudes, arguments and behaviour Persuasive communication The communicator The message The audience Dual-process models of persuasion Elaboration–likelihood model Heuristic–systematic model Compliance Tactics for enhancing compliance Action research Cognitive dissonance and attitude change Effort justification Induced compliance Free choice The role of self Vicarious dissonance Alternative views to dissonance A new look at cognitive dissonance Resistance to persuasion Reactance Forewarning Inoculation Attitude accessibility and strength Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 7 Social influence Types of social influence Compliance, obedience, conformity Power and influence Obedience to authority Factors influencing obedience The ethical legacy of Milgram's experiments Conformity The formation and influence of norms Yielding to majority group pressure Who conforms? Individual and group characteristics Situational factors in conformity Processes of conformity Minority influence and social change Beyond conformity Behavioural style and the genetic model Conversion theory Convergent–divergent theory Social identity and self-categorisation Vested interest and the leniency contract Attribution and social impact Two processes or one? Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 8 People in groups What is a group? Categories and group entitativity Common-bond and common-identity groups Groups and aggregates Definitions Group effects on individual performance Mere presence and audience effects: social facilitation Classification of group tasks Social loafing and social impact Group cohesiveness Group socialisation Norms Morality Group structure Roles Status Communication networks Subgroups and crosscutting categories Deviants and marginal members Why do people join groups? Reasons for joining groups Motivations for affiliation and group formation Why not join groups? Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 9 Leadership and group decision-making Leaders and group decisions Leadership Defining leadership Personality traits and individual differences Situational perspectives What leaders do Contingency theories Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Charisma and charismatic leadership Leader perceptions and leadership schemas Social identity and leadership Trust and leadership Gender gaps, glass ceilings and glass cliffs Intergroup leadership Group decision-making Rules governing group decisions Brainstorming Group memory Groupthink Group polarisation Jury verdicts Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 10 Prejudice and discrimination Nature and dimensions of prejudice Prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory behaviour Targets of prejudice and discrimination Sexism Racism Ageism Discrimination against sexual minorities Discrimination based on physical or mental disability Forms of discrimination Reluctance to help Tokenism Reverse discrimination Stigma and other effects of prejudice Stigma Self-worth, self-esteem and psychological well-being Stereotype threat Failure and disadvantage Attributional ambiguity Self-fulfilling prophecies Dehumanisation, violence and genocide Explanations of prejudice and discrimination Frustration–aggression The authoritarian personality Dogmatism and closed-mindedness Right-wing authoritarianism Social dominance theory Belief congruence Other explanations Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 11 Intergroup behaviour What is intergroup behaviour? Relative deprivation and social unrest Relative deprivation Social protest and collective action Realistic conflict Realistic conflict theory Cooperation, competition and social dilemmas Social identity Minimal groups Social identity theory Social cognition Categorisation and relative homogeneity Memory Distinctive stimuli and illusory correlation Optimal distinctiveness Intergroup emotions Collective behaviour and the crowd Early theories Deindividuation and self-awareness Emergent norm theory Social identity theory and crowd behaviour Improving intergroup relations Propaganda and education Intergroup contact Superordinate goals Pluralism and diversity Communication and negotiation Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 12 Aggression Aggression in our community Definitions and measurement Defining aggression Measuring aggression Theoretical perspectives Biological explanations Social and biosocial explanations Personal and situational variations Personality and individual differences Situational variables General aggression model Societal influences Disadvantaged groups Criminality and demographics Subculture of violence Mass media A cognitive analysis Rape myths, erotica and aggression Domestic and intimate partner violence Gender asymmetry? Hurting the one we 'love' Institutionalised aggression Role of society War Role of the state Role of the person Levels of explanation Reducing aggression Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 13 Prosocial behaviour Now for something completely different Prosocial behaviour, helping behaviour and altruism The Kitty Genovese murder Why and when people help Biology and evolution Empathy and arousal Calculating whether to help Empathy and altruism Learning to be helpful The bystander effect Latané and Darley's cognitive model The person in the equation Mood states Attributes of the person Helping to prevent crime Shoplifting Exam cheating Health support networks Receiving help Norms, motives and self-sacrifice Norms for helping Motives and goals Volunteers and martyrs Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 14 Attraction and close relationships Liking, loving and affiliating Attractive people Evolution and attraction The role of our genes Attractive faces The search for ideals What increases liking? Proximity Familiarity Attitude similarity Social matching Assortative mating Personal characteristics Cultural stereotypes Attraction and rewards Relationships based on reinforcement Relationships based on social exchange Costs and benefits Comparison levels Social exchange, equity and justice The role of norms Attachment Social isolation and the need to affiliate Isolation and anxiety Effects of social deprivation Attachment styles Close relationships What is love? Love and romance Labels and illusions No greater love Marriage Same-sex romantic relationships Relationships that work (and those that don't) Maintaining relationships For better or for worse Relationship breakdown Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 15 Language and communication Communication Language Language, thought and cognition Paralanguage and speech style Social markers in speech Language, identity and ethnicity Speech accommodation Bilingualism and second-language acquisition Intergroup language and communication Communicating without words Functions of non-verbal communication Variations in non-verbal behaviour Using the face to express emotions Facial display rules Gaze and eye contact Postures and gestures Touch Up close and personal Impression management and deception Conversation and discourse Conversation Discourse Computer-mediated communication Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more 16 Culture The cultural context Locating culture in social psychology Has social psychology neglected culture? Defining culture Culture, history and social psychology Origins in cultural anthropology Rise of cross-cultural psychology Culture, thought and behaviour Culture, cognition and attribution Culture, conformity and obedience Culture and socialisation Two psyches: East meets West Two kinds of self Dimensions for comparing cultures Values Individualism and collectivism Tightness–looseness Cooperation, competition and social identity Collectivism and prosocial behaviour Relationships Culture through the lens of norms and identity Contact between cultures Communication, language and speech style Language and understanding Acculturation and culture change Testing social psychology cross-culturally The cross-cultural challenge Indigenous social psychologies The search for universals The multicultural challenge Where to from here? Summary Literature, film and TV Learn more Glossary References Publisher's acknowledgements Author index Subject index
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