Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies
- Length: 512 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
- Publication Date: 2021-10-04
- ISBN-10: 1119422310
- ISBN-13: 9781119422310
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Discover foundational topics in smart grid technology as well as an exploration of the current and future state of the industry
As the relationship between fossil fuel use and climate change becomes ever clearer, the search is on for reliable, renewable and less harmful sources of energy. Sometimes called the electronet or the energy Internet, smart grids promise to integrate renewable energy, information, and communication technologies with the existing electrical grid and deliver electricity more efficiently and reliably.
Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies delivers a complete vision of smart grid technology and applications, including foundational and fundamental technologies, the technology that enables smart grids, the current state of the industry, and future trends in smart energy. The book offers readers thorough discussions of modern smart grid technology, including advanced metering infrastructure, net zero energy buildings, and communication, data management, and networks in smart grids.
The accomplished authors also discuss critical challenges and barriers facing the smart grid industry as well as trends likely to be of import in its future development. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
- A thorough introduction to smart grid architecture, including traditional grids, the fundamentals of electric power, definitions and classifications of smart grids, and the components of smart grid technology
- An exploration of the opportunities and challenges posed by renewable energy integration
- Practical discussions of power electronics in the smart grid, including power electronics converters for distributed generation, flexible alternating current transmission systems, and high voltage direct current transmission systems
- An analysis of distributed generationPerfect for scientists, researchers, engineers, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students studying and working with electrical power systems and communication systems. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies will also earn a place in the libraries of economists, government planners and regulators, policy makers, and energy stakeholders working in the smart grid field.
Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents About the Authors Acknowledgments Preface List of Abbreviations Chapter 1 Smart Grid Architecture Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Fundamentals of a Current Electric Power System 1.2.1 Electrical Power Generation 1.2.2 Electric Power Transmission 1.2.3 Electric Power Distribution 1.3 Limitations of the Traditional Power Grid 1.3.1 Lack of Circuit Capacity and Aging Assets 1.3.2 Operation Constraints 1.3.3 Self-Healing Grid 1.3.4 Respond to National Initiatives 1.4 Smart Grid Definition 1.5 Smart Grid Elements 1.5.1 Distributed Generation 1.5.2 Energy Storage 1.5.3 Demand Response 1.5.4 Integrated Communications 1.5.4.1 Communication Networks 1.5.4.2 Power Line Communication (PLC) 1.5.5 Customer Engagement 1.5.6 Sensors and PMU Units 1.5.7 Smart Meters and Advanced Metering Infrastructure 1.6 Smart Grid Control 1.7 Smart Grid Characteristics 1.7.1 Flexibility 1.7.2 Improved Efficiency 1.7.3 Smart Transportation 1.7.4 Demand Response Support 1.7.5 Reliability and Power Quality 1.7.6 Market‐Enabling 1.8 Transformation from Traditional Grid to Smart Grid 1.8.1 The Necessity for Paradigm Shift to SG 1.8.2 Basic Stages of the Transformation to SG 1.9 Smart Grid Enabling Technologies 1.9.1 Electrification 1.9.2 Decentralization 1.9.3 Digitalization and Technologies 1.10 Actions for Shifting toward Smart Grid Paradigm 1.10.1 Stages for Grid Modernization 1.10.2 When a Grid Becomes Smart Grid 1.11 Highlights on Smart Grid Benefits 1.12 Smart Grid Challenges 1.12.1 Accessibility and Acceptability 1.12.2 Accountability 1.12.3 Controllability 1.12.4 Interoperability 1.12.5 Interchangeability 1.12.6 Maintainability 1.12.7 Optimality 1.12.8 Security 1.12.9 Upgradability 1.13 Smart Grid Cost 1.14 Organization of the Book References Chapter 2 Renewable Energy: Overview, Opportunities and Challenges 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Description of Renewable Energy Sources 2.2.1 Bioenergy Energy 2.2.2 Geothermal Energy 2.2.3 Hydropower Energy 2.2.4 Marine Energy 2.2.5 Solar Energy 2.2.5.1 Photovoltaic 2.2.5.2 Concentrated Solar Power 2.2.5.3 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling 2.2.6 Wind Energy 2.3 Renewable Energy: Growth, Investment, Benefits and Deployment 2.4 Smart Grid Enable Renewables 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Power Electronics Converters for Distributed Generation 3.1 An Overview of Distributed Generation Systems with Power Electronics 3.1.1 Photovoltaic Technology 3.1.2 Wind Power Technology 3.1.3 Energy Storage Systems 3.2 Power Electronics for Grid-Connected AC Smart Grid 3.2.1 Voltage-Source Converters 3.2.1.1 Synchronous Reference Frame 3.2.1.2 Stationary Reference Frame 3.2.1.3 Grid Synchronization 3.2.1.4 Virtual Synchronous Generator Operation 3.2.2 Multilevel Power Converters 3.3 Power Electronics Enabled Autonomous AC Power Systems 3.3.1 Converter Level Controls in Microgrids 3.3.1.1 Master–slave Operation 3.3.1.2 f-P and V-Q Droops 3.3.1.3 V-P and f-Q Droops 3.3.1.4 Virtual Impedance Enabled Control 3.3.2 System Level Coordination Control 3.4 Power Electronics Enabled Autonomous DC Power Systems 3.4.1 Converter Level Controls 3.4.1.1 V-P and V-I Droop Control 3.4.1.2 Virtual Impedance Enabled Control 3.4.1.3 Extended Droop Control 3.4.1.4 Adaptative Droop Control in DC Microgrids 3.4.2 System Level Coordination Control 3.4.2.1 Centralized Control Scheme 3.4.2.2 Distributed Control Scheme 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Energy Storage Systems as an Enabling Technology for the Smart Grid 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Structure of Energy Storage System 4.3 Energy Storage Systems Classification and Description 4.4 Current State of Energy Storage Technologies 4.5 Techno-Economic Characteristics of Energy Storage Systems 4.6 Selection of Energy Storage Technology for Certain Application 4.7 Energy Storage Applications 4.8 Barriers to the Deployment of Energy Storage 4.9 Energy Storage Roadmap 4.10 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Microgrids: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges 5.1 Introduction 5.2 DC Versus AC Microgrid 5.2.1 LVAC and LVDC Networks 5.2.2 AC Microgrid 5.2.3 DC Microgrid 5.3 Microgrid Design 5.3.1 Methodology for the Microgrid Design 5.3.2 Design Considerations 5.4 Microgrid Control 5.4.1 Primary Control Level 5.4.1.1 Droop-Based Control 5.4.1.2 Communication-Based Control 5.4.2 Secondary Control Level 5.4.3 Tertiary Control Level 5.5 Microgrid Economics 5.5.1 Capacity Planning 5.5.2 Operations Modeling 5.5.3 Financial Modeling 5.5.4 Barriers to Realizing Microgrids 5.6 Operation of Multi-Microgrids 5.7 Microgrid Benefits 5.7.1 Economic Benefits 5.7.2 Technical Benefits 5.7.3 Environmental Benefits 5.8 Challenges 5.9 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Smart Transportation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Electric Vehicle Topologies 6.2.1 Battery EVs 6.2.2 Plug-in Hybrid EVs 6.2.3 Hybrid EVs 6.2.4 Fuel-Cell EVs 6.3 Powertrain Architectures 6.3.1 Series HEV Architecture 6.3.2 Parallel HEV Architecture 6.3.3 Series–Parallel HEV Architecture 6.4 Battery Technology 6.4.1 Battery Parameters 6.4.2 Common Battery Chemistries 6.5 Battery Charger Technology 6.5.1 Charging Rates and Options 6.5.2 Wireless Charging 6.6 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Concept 6.6.1 Unidirectional V2G 6.6.2 Bidirectional V2G 6.7 Barriers to EV Adoption 6.7.1 Technological Problems 6.7.2 Social Problems 6.7.3 Economic Problems 6.8 Trends and Future Developments 6.9 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Net Zero Energy Buildings 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Net Zero Energy Building Definition 7.3 Net Zero Energy Building Design 7.4 Net Zero Energy Building: Modeling, Controlling and Optimization 7.5 Net Zero Energy Community 7.6 Net Zero Energy Building: Trends, Benefits, Barriers and Efficiency Investments 7.7 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Smart Grid Communication Infrastructures 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure 8.3 Smart Grid Communications 8.3.1 Challenges of SG Communications 8.3.2 Requirements of SG Communications 8.3.3 Architecture of SG Communication 8.3.4 SG Communication Technologies 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Smart Grid Information Security 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Smart Grid Layers 9.2.1 The Power System Layer 9.2.2 The Information Layer 9.2.3 The Communication Layer 9.3 Attacking Smart Grid Network Communication 9.3.1 Physical Layer Attacks 9.3.2 Data Injection and Replay Attacks 9.3.3 Network-Based Attacks 9.4 Design of Cyber Secure and Resilient Industrial Control Systems 9.4.1 Resilient Industrial Control Systems 9.4.2 Areas of Resilience 9.4.2.1 Human Systems 9.4.2.2 Cyber Security 9.4.2.3 Complex Networks and Networked Control Systems 9.5 Cyber Security Challenges in Smart Grid 9.6 Adopting an Smart Grid Security Architecture Methodology 9.6.1 SG Security Objectives 9.6.2 Cyber Security Requirements 9.6.2.1 Attack Detection and Resilience Operations 9.6.2.2 Identification, and Access Control 9.6.2.3 Secure and Efficient Communication Protocols 9.7 Validating Your Smart Grid 9.8 Threats and Impacts: Consumers and Utility Companies 9.9 Governmental Effort to Secure Smart Grids 9.10 Conclusion References Chapter 10 Data Management in Smart Grid 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sources of Data in Smart Grid 10.3 Big Data Era 10.4 Tools to Manage Big Data 10.4.1 Apache Hadoop 10.4.2 Not Only SQL (NoSQL) 10.4.3 Microsoft HDInsight 10.4.4 Hadoop MapReduce 10.4.5 Cassandra 10.4.6 Storm 10.4.7 Hive 10.4.8 Plotly 10.4.9 Talend 10.4.10 Bokeh 10.4.11 Cloudera 10.5 Big Data Integration, Frameworks, and Data Bases 10.6 Building the Foundation for Big Data Processing 10.6.1 Big Data Management Platform 10.6.1.1 Acquisition and Recording 10.6.1.2 Extraction, Cleaning, and Prediction 10.6.1.3 Big Data Integration 10.6.2 Big Data Analytics Platform 10.6.2.1 Modeling and Analysis 10.6.2.2 Interpretation 10.7 Transforming Big Data for High Value Action 10.7.1 Decide What to Produce 10.7.2 Source the Raw Materials 10.7.3 Produce Insights with Speed 10.7.4 Deliver the Goods and Act 10.8 Privacy Information Impacts on Smart Grid 10.9 Meter Data Management for Smart Grid 10.10 Summary References Chapter 11 Demand-Management 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Demand Response 11.3 Demand Response Programs 11.3.1 Load-Response Programs 11.3.2 Price Response Programs 11.4 End-User Engagement 11.5 Challenges of DR within Smart Grid 11.6 Demand-Side Management 11.7 DSM Techniques 11.8 DSM Evaluation 11.9 Demand Response Applications 11.10 Summary References Chapter 12 Business Models for the Smart Grid 12.1 The Business Model Concept 12.2 The Electricity Value Chain 12.3 Electricity Markets 12.4 Review of the Previous Proposed Smart Grid Business Models 12.4.1 Timing‐Based Business Model 12.4.2 Business Intelligence Model 12.4.3 Business Models for Renewable Energy 12.4.4 Service‐Oriented Business Models 12.4.5 Prosumer Business Models 12.4.6 Integrated Energy Services Business Model 12.4.7 Future Business Model Levers 12.5 Blockchain-Based Electricity Market 12.6 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Smart Grid Customers’ Acceptance and Engagement 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Customer as One of the Smart Grid Domains 13.3 Understanding the Smart Grid Customer 13.4 Smart Grid Customer Acceptance 13.5 Customer Engagement in the Smart Grid 13.6 Challenges for Consumer Engagement, Policy Recommendation and Research Agenda 13.7 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Cloud Computing for Smart Grid 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Overview of Cloud Computing for Smart Grid 14.3 Cloud Computing Service Models 14.3.1 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 14.3.2 Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) 14.3.3 Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 14.4 Cloud Computing Architecture 14.4.1 Workload Distribution Architecture 14.4.2 Cloud Bursting Architecture 14.4.3 Dynamic Scalable Architecture 14.4.4 Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture 14.4.5 Resource Pooling Architecture 14.5 Cloud Computing Applications 14.5.1 Cloud Applications for SG Performance 14.5.2 Cloud Applications for Energy Management 14.5.3 Cloud Computing-Based Power Dispatching in SG 14.6 Cloud Computing Characteristics in Improving Smart Grid 14.7 Opportunities and Challenges of Cloud Computing in Smart Grid 14.7.1 Opportunities to Apply CC in SG 14.7.1.1 Scalability 14.7.1.2 Cost Efficiency 14.7.1.3 Central Data Storage 14.7.1.4 Real-Time Response 14.7.2 Challenges of Applying Cloud Computing for SGs 14.7.2.1 Location of Data 14.7.2.2 Data Commingling 14.7.2.3 Application Programming Interfaces Dependency 14.7.2.4 Compatibility 14.7.2.5 Inefficient Cloud Security Policy 14.8 Multiple Perspectives for Cloud Implementation 14.9 Conclusion References Chapter 15 On the Pivotal Role of Artificial Intelligence Toward the Evolution of Smart Grids: A Review of Advanced Methodologies and Applications 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Research Methodology and Systematic Review Protocol 15.3 Century-Old Grid and Smart Grid Transition 15.4 Review of AI Methods 15.4.1 Commonly Deployed Methods 15.4.1.1 Artificial Neural Networks-Based (ANN) 15.4.1.2 Fuzzy Logic-Based 15.4.1.3 Ensemble Methods-Based 15.4.1.4 Deep Learning-Based 15.4.1.5 Expert Systems-Based 15.4.1.6 Support Vector Machines-Based 15.4.1.7 Hybrid Models-Based 15.4.2 Machine Learning Model Evaluation 15.5 Major Applications of AI in Smart Grid 15.5.1 Load Forecasting 15.5.2 Alternative Energy Forecasting 15.5.2.1 Photovoltaic Energy 15.5.2.2 Wind Power 15.5.3 Electrical Vehicles Integration Based AI 15.5.4 MPPT-Based AI 15.5.5 Fault Diagnosis-Based AI 15.5.6 AI and Cyber SG Security 15.5.7 Electricity Price Forecasting 15.6 Challenges and Future Scope 15.7 Conclusion References Chapter 16 Simulation Tools for Validation of Smart Grid 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Simulation Approaches 16.2.1 Multi-Domain Simulation 16.2.2 Co-Simulation 16.2.3 Real-Time Simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop 16.3 Review of Smart Grid Planning and Analysis Tools 16.3.1 PSCAD 16.3.2 PowerWorld Simulator 16.3.3 ETAP 16.3.4 DIgSILENT PowerFactory 16.3.5 OpenDSS 16.3.6 GridLab-D 16.3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 17 Smart Grid Standards and Interoperability 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Organizations for Smart Grid Standardization 17.2.1 IEC Strategic Group on SG 17.2.2 Technical Communities and Their Subcommittees of IEEE Power and Energy Society (PES) 17.2.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology 17.2.4 National Standard of PRC for SG 17.3 Smart Grid Policies for Standard Developments 17.3.1 United States 17.3.2 Germany 17.3.3 Europe 17.3.4 South Korea 17.3.5 Australia 17.3.6 Canada 17.3.7 Japan 17.3.8 China 17.4 Smart Grid Standards 17.4.1 Revenue Metering Information Model 17.4.2 Building Automation 17.4.3 Substation Automation 17.4.4 Powerline Networking 17.4.5 Energy Management Systems 17.4.6 Interoperability Center Communications 17.4.7 Cyber Security 17.4.8 Electric Vehicles 17.5 Conclusion References Chapter 18 Smart Grid Challenges and Barriers 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Structure of Modern Smart Grids 18.3 Concept of Reliability in Power Systems 18.4 Smart Grid Challenges and Barriers 18.4.1 Low Inertia Issues – Frequency Support 18.4.2 Moving Toward Full/More Renewable Energies 18.4.3 Protection Challenges 18.4.4 Control Dynamic Interactions 18.4.5 Reliability Issues 18.4.6 Marketing 18.5 New Reliability Paradigm in Smart Grids 18.5.1 Adequacy 18.5.2 Security 18.5.3 Static Security 18.5.4 Dynamic/Transient Security 18.5.5 Cyber Security 18.6 Summary References Index EULA
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