Smart City Infrastructure: The Blockchain Perspective

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
1 Deep Dive Into Blockchain Technology: Characteristics, Security and Privacy Issues, Challenges, and Future Research Directions
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Blockchain Preliminaries
		1.2.1 Functioning of Blockchain
		1.2.2 Design of Blockchain
		1.2.3 Blockchain Elements
	1.3 Key Technologies of Blockchain
		1.3.1 Distributed Ledger
		1.3.2 Cryptography
		1.3.3 Consensus
		1.3.4 Smart Contracts
		1.3.5 Benchmarks
	1.4 Consensus Algorithms of Blockchain
		1.4.1 Proof of Work (PoW)
		1.4.2 Proof of Stake (PoS)
		1.4.3 BFT-Based Consensus Algorithms
		1.4.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)
		1.4.5 Sleepy Consensus
		1.4.6 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET)
		1.4.7 Proof of Authority (PoA)
		1.4.8 Proof of Reputation (PoR)
		1.4.9 Deputized Proof of Stake (DPoS)
		1.4.10 SCP Design
	1.5 Internet of Things and Blockchain
		1.5.1 Internet of Things
		1.5.2 IoT Blockchain
		1.5.3 Up-to-Date Tendency in IoT Blockchain Progress
	1.6 Applications of Blockchain in Smart City
		1.6.1 Digital Identity
		1.6.2 Security of Private Information
		1.6.3 Data Storing, Energy Ingesting, Hybrid Development
		1.6.4 Citizens Plus Government Frame
		1.6.5 Vehicle-Oriented Blockchain Appliances in Smart Cities
		1.6.6 Financial Applications
	1.7 Security and Privacy Properties of Blockchain
		1.7.1 Security and Privacy Necessities of Online Business Transaction
		1.7.2 Secrecy of Connections and Data Privacy
	1.8 Privacy and Security Practices Employed in Blockchain
		1.8.1 Mixing
		1.8.2 Anonymous Signatures
		1.8.3 Homomorphic Encryption (HE)
		1.8.4 Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE)
		1.8.5 Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC)
		1.8.6 Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge (NIZK)
		1.8.7 The Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)
		1.8.8 Game-Based Smart Contracts (GBSC)
	1.9 Challenges of Blockchain
		1.9.1 Scalability
		1.9.2 Privacy Outflow
		1.9.3 Selfish Mining
		1.9.4 Security
	1.10 Conclusion
	References
2 Toward Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Smart City Emergence
		2.2.1 A Term Popularized by Private Foundations
		2.2.2 Continuation of Ancient Reflections on the City of the Future
	2.3 Smart and Sustainable City
	2.4 Smart City Areas (Sub-Areas)
		2.4.1 Technology and Data
		2.4.2 Economy
		2.4.3 Population
	2.5 IoT
		2.5.1 A New Dimension for the Internet and Objects
		2.5.2 Issues Raised by the IoT
			2.5.2.1 IoT Scale
			2.5.2.2 IoT Heterogeneity
			2.5.2.3 Physical World Influence on the IoT
			2.5.2.4 Security and Privacy
		2.5.3 Applications of the IoT That Revolutionize Society
			2.5.3.1 IoT in the Field of Health
			2.5.3.2 Digital Revolution in Response to Energy Imperatives
			2.5.3.3 Home Automation (Connected Home)
			2.5.3.4 Connected Industry
			2.5.3.5 IoT in Agriculture
			2.5.3.6 Smart Retail or Trendy Supermarkets
			2.5.3.7 Smart and Connected Cities
			2.5.3.8 IoT at the Service of Road Safety
			2.5.3.9 Security Systems
			2.5.3.10 Waste Management
	2.6 Examples of Smart Cities
		2.6.1 Barcelona, a Model Smart City
		2.6.2 Vienna, the Smartest City in the World
	2.7 Smart City Benefits
		2.7.1 Security
		2.7.2 Optimized Management of Drinking and Wastewater
		2.7.3 Better Visibility of Traffic/Infrastructure Issues
		2.7.4 Transport
	2.8 Analysis and Discussion
	2.9 Conclusion and Perspectives
	References
3 Integration of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Perspectives
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Concept of Smart Cities, Blockchain Technology, and Artificial Intelligence
		3.2.1 Concept and Definition of Smart Cities
			3.2.1.1 Integration of Smart Cities with New Technologies
			3.2.1.2 Development of Smart Cities by Integrated Technologies
		3.2.2 Concept of Blockchain Technology
			3.2.2.1 Features of Blockchain Technology
			3.2.2.2 Framework and Working of Blockchain Technology
		3.2.3 Concept and Definition of Artificial Intelligence
			3.2.3.1 Classification of Artificial Intelligence–Machine Learning
	3.3 Smart Cities Integrated with Blockchain Technology
		3.3.1 Applications of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Development
			3.3.1.1 Secured Data Transmission
			3.3.1.2 Digital Transaction—Smart Contracts
			3.3.1.3 Smart Energy Management
			3.3.1.4 Modeling of Smart Assets
			3.3.1.5 Smart Health System
			3.3.1.6 Smart Citizen
			3.3.1.7 Improved Safety
	3.4 Smart Cities Integrated with Artificial Intelligence
		3.4.1 Importance of AI for Developing Smart Cities
		3.4.2 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Development
			3.4.2.1 Smart Transportation System
			3.4.2.2 Smart Surveillance and Monitoring System
			3.4.2.3 Smart Energy Management System
			3.4.2.4 Smart Disposal and Waste Management System
	3.5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
4 Smart City a Change to a New Future World
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Role in Education
	4.3 Impact of AI on Smart Cities
		4.3.1 Botler AI
		4.3.2 Spot
		4.3.3 Nimb
		4.3.4 Sawdhaan Application
		4.3.5 Basic Use Cases of Traffic AI
	4.4 AI and IoT Support in Agriculture
	4.5 Smart Meter Reading
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5 Registration of Vehicles With Validation and Obvious Manner Through Blockchain: Smart City Approach in Industry 5.0
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Concept of Smart Cities
		5.1.2 Problem of Car Registration and Motivation
			5.1.2.1 Research Objectives
			5.1.2.2 Scope of the Research Work
		5.1.3 5G Technology and Its Implications
		5.1.4 IoT and Its Applications in Transportation
		5.1.5 Usage of AI and ML in IoT and Blockchain
	5.2 Related Work
		5.2.1 Carchain
		5.2.2 Fabcar IBM Blockchain
		5.2.3 Blockchain and Future of Automobiles
		5.2.4 Significance of 5G Technology
	5.3 Presented Methodology
	5.4 Software Requirement Specification
		5.4.1 Product Perspective
			5.4.1.1 Similarities Between Carchain and Our Application
			5.4.1.2 Differences Between Carchain and Our Application
		5.4.2 System Interfaces
		5.4.3 Interfaces (Hardware and Software and Communication)
			5.4.3.1 Hardware Interfaces
			5.4.3.2 Software Interfaces
			5.4.3.3 Communications Interfaces
		5.4.4 Operations (Product Functions, User Characteristics)
			5.4.4.1 Product Functions
			5.4.4.2 User Characteristics
		5.4.5 Use Case, Sequence Diagram
			5.4.5.1 Use Case
			5.4.5.2 Sequence Diagrams
			5.4.5.3 System Design
			5.4.5.4 Architecture Diagrams
	5.5 Software and Hardware Requirements
		5.5.1 Software Requirements
		5.5.2 Hardware Requirements
	5.6 Implementation Details
	5.7 Results and Discussions
	5.8 Novelty and Recommendations
	5.9 Future Research Directions
	5.10 Limitations
	5.11 Conclusions
	References
6 Designing of Fuzzy Controller for Adaptive Chair and Desk System
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Time Spent Sitting in Front of Computer Screen
	6.3 Posture
		6.3.1 Need for Correct Posture
		6.3.2 Causes of Sitting in the Wrong Posture
	6.4 Designing of Ergonomic Seat
		6.4.1 Considerate Factors of an Ergonomic Chair and Desk System
	6.5 Fuzzy Control Designing
		6.5.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller Algorithm [20]
		6.5.2 Fuzzy Membership Functions
		6.5.3 Rule Base
		6.5.4 Why Fuzzy Controller?
	6.6 Result of Chair and Desk Control
	6.7 Conclusions and Further Improvements
	References
7 Blockchain Technology Dislocates Traditional Practice Through Cost Cutting in International Commodity Exchange
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Maintenance of Documents of Supply Chain in Commodity Trading
	7.2 Blockchain Technology
		7.2.1 Smart Contracts
	7.3 Blockchain Solutions
		7.3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation in Blockchain Solution An Illustration
		7.3.2 Supporting Blockchain Technology in the Food Industry Through Other Applications
	7.4 Conclusion
	7.5 Managerial Implication
	7.6 Future Scope of Study
	References
8 InterPlanetary File System Protocol– Based Blockchain Framework for Routine Data and Security Management in Smart Farming
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Blockchain Technology for Agriculture
	8.2 Data Management in Smart Farming
		8.2.1 Agricultural Information
		8.2.2 Supply Chain Efficiency
		8.2.3 Quality Management
		8.2.4 Nutritional Value
		8.2.5 Food Safety
		8.2.6 IoT Automation
	8.3 Proposed Smart Farming Framework
		8.3.1 Wireless Sensors
		8.3.2 Communication Channels
		8.3.3 IoT and Cloud Computing
		8.3.4 Blockchain and IPFS Integration
	8.4 Farmers Support System
		8.4.1 Sustainable Farming
	8.5 Results and Discussions
		8.5.1 Benefits and Challenges
	8.6 Conclusion
	8.7 Future Scope
	References
9 A Review of Blockchain Technology
	9.1 Introduction
		9.1.1 Characteristics of Blockchain Technology
			9.1.1.1 Decentralization
			9.1.1.2 Transparency
			9.1.1.3 Immutability
	9.2 Related Work
	9.3 Architecture of Blockchain and Its Components
	9.4 Blockchain Taxonomy
		9.4.1 Public Blockchain
		9.4.2 Consortium Blockchain
		9.4.3 Private Blockchain
	9.5 Consensus Algorithms
		9.5.1 Functions of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms
		9.5.2 Some Approaches to Consensus
			9.5.2.1 Proof of Work (PoW)
			9.5.2.2 Proof of Stake (PoS)
			9.5.2.3 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)
			9.5.2.4 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS)
			9.5.2.5 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)
			9.5.2.6 Proof of Burn (PoB)
			9.5.2.7 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET)
	9.6 Challenges in Terms of Technologies
	9.7 Major Application Areas
		9.7.1 Finance
		9.7.2 Education
		9.7.3 Secured Connection
		9.7.4 Health
		9.7.5 Insurance
		9.7.6 E-Voting
		9.7.7 Smart Contracts
		9.7.8 Waste and Sanitation
	9.8 Conclusion
	References
10 Technological Dimension of a Smart City
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Major Advanced Technological Components of ICT in Smart City
		10.2.1 Internet of Things
		10.2.2 Big Data
		10.2.3 Artificial Intelligence
	10.3 Different Dimensions of Smart Cities
	10.4 Issues Related to Smart Cities
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Blockchain—Does It Unleash the Hitched Chains of Contemporary Technologies
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Historic Culmination of Blockchain
	11.3 The Hustle About Blockchain—Revealed
		11.3.1 How Does It Work?
		11.3.2 Consent in Accordance—Consensus Algorithm
	11.4 The Unique Upfront Statuesque of Blockchain
		11.4.1 Key Elements of Blockchain
		11.4.2 Adversaries Manoeuvred by Blockchain
			11.4.2.1 Double Spending Problem
			11.4.2.2 Selfish Mining and Eclipse Attacks
			11.4.2.3 Smart Contracts
		11.4.3 Breaking the Clutches of Centralized Operations
	11.5 Blockchain Compeers Complexity
	11.6 Paradigm Shift to Deciphering Technologies Adjoining Blockchain
	11.7 Convergence of Blockchain and AI Toward a Sustainable Smart City
	11.8 Business Manifestations of Blockchain
	11.9 Constraints to Adapt to the Resilient Blockchain
	11.10 Conclusion
	References
12 An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture and Consensus Protocols
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Blockchain Architecture
		12.2.1 Block Structure
		12.2.2 Hashing and Digital Signature
	12.3 Consensus Algorithm
		12.3.1 Compute-Intensive–Based Consensus (CIBC) Protocols
			12.3.1.1 Pure Proof of Work (PoW)
			12.3.1.2 Prime Number Proof of Work (Prime Number PoW)
			12.3.1.3 Delayed Proof of Work (DPoW)
		12.3.2 Capability-Based Consensus Protocols
			12.3.2.1 Proof of Stake (PoS)
			12.3.2.2 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)
			12.3.2.3 Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV)
			12.3.2.4 Proof of Burn (PoB)
			12.3.2.5 Proof of Space (PoSpace)
			12.3.2.6 Proof of History (PoH)
			12.3.2.7 Proof of Importance (PoI)
			12.3.2.8 Proof of Believability (PoBelievability)
			12.3.2.9 Proof of Authority (PoAuthority)
			12.3.2.10 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET)
			12.3.2.11 Proof of Activity (PoA)
		12.3.3 Voting-Based Consensus Protocols
			12.3.3.1 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)
			12.3.3.2 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT)
			12.3.3.3 Federated Byzantine Arrangement (FBA)
			12.3.3.4 Combined Delegated Proof of Stake and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DPoS+BFT)
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
13 Applicability of Utilizing Blockchain Technology in Smart Cities Development
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Smart Cities Concept
	13.3 Definition of Smart Cities
	13.4 Legal Framework by EU/AIOTI of Smart Cities
	13.5 The Characteristics of Smart Cities
		13.5.1 Climate and Environmentally Friendly
		13.5.2 Livability
		13.5.3 Sustainability
		13.5.4 Efficient Resources Management
		13.5.5 Resilient
		13.5.6 Dynamism
		13.5.7 Mobility
	13.6 Challenges Faced by Smart Cities
		13.6.1 Security Challenge
		13.6.2 Generation of Huge Data
		13.6.3 Concurrent Information Update
		13.6.4 Energy Consumption Challenge
	13.7 Blockchain Technology at Glance
	13.8 Key Drivers to the Implementation of Blockchain Technology for Smart Cities Development
		13.8.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
		13.8.2 Architectural Organization of the Internet of Things
	13.9 Challenges of Utilizing Blockchain in Smart City Development
		13.9.1 Security and Privacy as a Challenge to Blockchain Technology
		13.9.2 Lack of Cooperation
		13.9.3 Lack of Regulatory Clarity and Good Governance
		13.9.4 Energy Consumption and Environmental Cost
	13.10 Solution Offered by Blockchain to Smart Cities Challenges
		13.10.1 Secured Data
		13.10.2 Smart Contract
		13.10.3 Easing the Smart Citizen Involvement
		13.10.4 Ease of Doing Business
		13.10.5 Development of Sustainable Infrastructure
		13.10.6 Transparency in Protection and Security
		13.10.7 Consistency and Auditability of Data Record
		13.10.8 Effective, Efficient Automation Process
		13.10.9 Secure Authentication
		13.10.10 Reliability and Continuity of the Basic Services
		13.10.11 Crisis and Violence Management
	13.11 Conclusion
	References
Index
About the Editors