Science and Engineering of Small Arms
- Length: 246 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: CRC Press
- Publication Date: 2021-10-06
- ISBN-10: 1032058242
- ISBN-13: 9781032058245
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
This book initiates with the story of the evolution of firearms to enable the reader to appreciate the sequence of the development of firearms. It discusses different classes of small arms, their mechanics, internal and external ballistics. Further, it covers the design idea of barrels and actions, various operating principles and relevant discussion on ammunition and propellants. The principle of quality in the design of the small arms is also elaborated in the desired degree. The book brings out the relevance of modern manufacturing technologies like MIM and various surface treatments, and polymers for enhancement of product quality. To appreciate the sophistication of the architecture, the book presents the anatomical details of a few small arms of reputes.
- Provides complete understanding of overall small weapon systems
- Explores mechanics and physics of small arms
- Discusses proper design, quality control, and manufacturing process selections for a good weapon
- Covers common type of weapon failures and catastrophic failure
- Includes relevance of manufacturing processes
The book is aimed at professionals and graduate students in Mechanical Design, Armament Design, Gun Design including personnel in the military, paramilitary, police, and all other armed forces and their maintenance crews.
Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Summary Some Useful Conversion Concept and Formulae Chapter 1 A Story of the Evolution of Firearms The Story of Firearms The Emergence of the First Kind of Portable Arms Induction of Rifled Barrels Mass Production of the Firearms The Development of Cartridge for Bolt-Action Rifle Development of Self-contained Block Breech and Firing Pin – a Landmark in Bolt-action Rifle Design Development of Smokeless Powder Automatic Weapons and the Self-loading Rifle The Submachine Guns and Their Variants Bibliography Chapter 2 Introduction to Small Arms 2.1 Physics of Firearms Rifling Types Rifling Methods Cut/Hook Cutter Rifling Button Rifling Bullet Spin Twist Rate Calculating the Twist Rate Greenhill Formula Expressing the Twist Rate in Three Different Ways The First Method The Second Method The Third Method Firearms Energy Efficiency Rifle as a Machine Fundamental Input of Firearm Design Force on the Weapon System (Smooth Bore Guns) The Velocity of the Projectile and the Firearm Distribution of Kinetic Energy Energy Transfer 2.2 Small Arms 2.2.1 Handgun Handguns – Weapons for Self Defense Handguns – Design Feature 2.2.2 Types of Rifles Standard Rifles Assault Rifles Configuration of Assault Rifles Two Types of Mechanics of Operation of Firearms A: Manual Action B: Automatic Actions Types of Recoil Operation Blowback Operation Types of Blowback Operation C: Blow Forward Operation Gas Operated Assault Rifle A: Long Stroke (LS) B: Direct Gas Impingement (DI) C: Short Stroke (SS) 2.2.3 Machine Guns Light Machine Guns (LMGs ) Medium Machine Guns (MMGs) Heavy Machine Guns (HMGs) 2.2.4 Sniper Rifles Distinguishing Characteristic of Sniper Barrels 2.2.5 Shotgun Types of Shotgun Calculation of the Gauge of Shotgun Shotgun Choke Optimum Barrel Length for a Shotgun The maximum effective range of a shotgun Ballistic Equivalence (Comparable Velocity and Retained Pellet Energy) Choke vs Effective Range Shotgun Recoil Energy Bibliography Chapter 3 Theory of Ammunitions Design Principles of Ammunition Focus Around Priorities in Ammunition Design Design Requirement for Ammunition The Requirements for Design Safety Cartridge Components of Cartridge Cartridge Specifications Primer Types of Primer Cartridge Case Material Conventional Propellant Propellant (Main Charge) Modern Small Arms Propellants Smokeless Powder: The Mother of Modern Small Arms Bullet Design Bullet Shape Bullet Material and Functions Classes of Bullets Ballistic Coefficient Calculation Effect of Bullet Shape Bullet Weight 3.1 Internal Ballistics Ballistics Internal Ballistics Factors in Internal Ballistics Aspect Ratio and Consistency Friction and Inertia The Role of Inertia Propellant Design Propellant Burnout Bore Diameter and Energy Transfer The Ratio of Propellant to Projectile Mass Typical Propellant and Projectile Mass Five General Equations Used in Interior Ballistics 3.2 External Ballistics 3.3 Terminal Ballistics Factors Affecting the Amount of Damage Done by the Projectile 3.4 Handgun Ammunition Desired Characteristics of Handgun Ammunition Bullet Grain Weight Impact on Shooting Bullet Weight and Recoil 3.5 Shotgun Ammunition (Figure 3.25) Common Shotgun Shell Sizes Shotshell Nomenclature Shot Ballistics Exterior Shot Ballistics Shotshell Application Bibliography Chapter 4 Anatomy of Small Arms The Principle of Design of Anatomy AK Browning HP S&W 53 Revolver ShotGun: Remington Sub-Machine Gun HK MP5 FN P90 AN Ruger Precession Rifle Chapter 5 Basic Design Concepts 5.1 Trigger Mechanism Trigger Function Types of Striking Mechanisms Actions (Mechanisms) A: Single-action B: Double-action Only C: Double-action/Single-action Types of Trigger A: Release Trigger B: Binary Trigger (“Pull and Release”) Set Trigger Example of Set Trigger: Remington A: Single Set Trigger B: Double Set Trigger Pre-set Trigger (Striker or Hammer) Pre-set Hybrid Trigger Variable Triggers A: Double-crescent Trigger (Variable) Progressive/Staged Trigger(Variable) Trigger Pull Stages A: Take-up B: Break C: Overtravel Burst Mechanism 5.2 Firearm Springs 5.3 Barrel Design for Strength Barrel Design Consideration Components of Barrel Chamber Features Bore Features Bore Details Rifling Design Consideration This requires that the rifling meet several tasks Free Bore Rifling Fitting the Projectile to the Bore Rifling Processes Muzzle Muzzle Blast Problems Caused by Muzzle Blast Muzzle Design Shockwave Factors in the Optimal Design of a Modern Gun Barrel Design Check by Stress Analysis Basic Equations of Thick-Walled Cylinders. See Figure 5.18 Simplified Analysis (Assumptions for smooth bore barrel) The Solution of the Static Condition Check for Von Mises criteria (see Figure 5.19) Gun Barrel Manufacturing: Modern Methods Barrel Material of Small Arms Steel Specifications Used in Barrel Chemical Composition Mechanical Properties Choice of Steel Algorithm for Design Check by Energy Method Estimation of Barrel Peak Pressure from the Geometry of the Barrel and the Bullet Mass and Velocity (See Figures 5.20 and 5.21) Conclusions about Optimum Barrel Length 5.4 Block Breech Design Principle of Block Breech Types of Actions (Single-Shot-Manual action) Break-action Tilting Block Falling Block Rolling Block 5.5 Muzzle Attachments Muzzle Brake Flash Hider (or Flash Suppressor) Compensator Silencer and Suppressor Silencer Silencer vs Suppressor Baffles and Spacers Types of Baffled Silencers/Suppressors Firearm Sight Attachments Different Types of Weapon Sights Iron/Open Sight Aperture sights Telescopic Sights Red Dot Sight Reflex Sight Laser Sight Bibliography Chapter 6 Quality of Design The General Design Philosophy Functionality and Features of Small Arms Based on Combat Roles Differences between Rifles, Shotguns, and Handguns Rifle Handgun (Pistols/Revolver) Difference between a Rifle and Carbine Difference between an Assault Rifle and Sub-machine Gun Difference between an Assault Rifle and Machine Gun Difference between Pistol and Revolver Performance Usability – A Design that is Pleasing to Use Accessibility – A Design that is Equally Useful for Everyone Reliability Small Arms Design Environment Predictability How to Address the Reliability Issues of the Small Arms? Choice of the Principle of Operation Choice of the Material of Construction Design Choice Manufacturing Process Rifling Processes Surface Treatment Stability – Error-free Designs Safety and Security Upgradability/Reusability Emotional Durability and Experience Refinement Quality of Design of Firearms Further Points of Importance That Are to Be Borne in Mind in the Design of Firearms Bibliography Chapter 7 Special Processes in Small Arms Manufacturing The Necessity of Special Processes Manufacturing Approaches for Intricate/Complex Shapes Manufacturing Technology Metal Injection Molding and Powder Metallurgy Powder Metallurgy Basics Metal Injection Molding Basics: Indicators for Choice between Conventional PM (Powder Metallurgy) and MIM (Metal Injection Molding) 7.1 Metal Injection Molding (MIM) The Evolution of Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Metal Injection Molding (MIM) Criteria that Decides MIM to be a Preferred Option The Capability of the MIM Process Process Steps The Important Steps in MIM Debinding Methods of Debinding Applications of MIM Quality Control Issues in Optimizing Design for MIM Production Desirable Features Allowed Design Features Features to Avoid Size Limitations for MIM The Largest MIM Component Mold Restrictions on Part Size Part Complexity The Efficiency with MIM Materials Part Size Related to Sintering and Debinding Quality Control in the MIM Process and Manufacturing Bibliography Chapter 8 Surface Treatment of Small Arms Surface Treatment Objectives Available Options Primary Steps to Surface Finish Gun Bluing Parkerizing Cerakote, Duracoat, and KG Gunkote Spray-on Method Nickel Boron Electroless Deposition Nitride Coating (QPQ) PVD or CVD Coating Anodizing Electroless vs Electrolytic Plating The Electro Plating Process Electroless Plating Process Electroless Nickel Plating Typically, the constituents of an EN solution are: Bibliography Chapter 9 Common Defects Common Gun Malfunctions Failure to Fire Failure to Feed Failure to Extract Failure to Eject Rim Lock and Broken Extractor Hammer Follow Slam Fire Stovepipe Double Feed Out-of-battery Recoil Spring Defect Spent Case and Firing Pin Defect Barrel Defect Identifying Cracks in Gun Barrels Barrel Erosion Cartridge Malfunctions Prevention of Malfunctions and Catastrophic Failures Chapter 10 Catastrophic Failure Primary Reasons for Catastrophic Failures Uncontrolled Burning of the Propellant Chapter 11 Proof Parameters General Objectives of Full Ammunition and Firearms Testing Proof Requirement and Test Parameters for Various Small Arms Proof Test Objectives of Ammunition Testing Small Arms Ammunition Pressure Testing - Civilian Test Methodologies C.I.P. Method – Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L’épreuve des Armes à feu Portatives, France SAAMI Method – Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute, Connecticut, USA Proof Test Differences Instrumentation Used in Proofing Small Arms Ammunition Pressure Testing – Military Test Methodologies Firearms Proof Testing Proof Loads Objectives of Firearms Testing (Acceptance Quality control) Chapter 12 Interpreting the Technical Specification Objectives of Interpreting Technical Specification Infantry Weapons of Small Arms Class Reputed SMGs for Close Quarter Combat Some Handguns of Repute Comparing Specification of Assault Rifles (Tables 12.2 and 12.3) Comparing LMG Specifications (Refer to Table 12.4) MMG Design Outlines of PKM Feed Mechanism Gas Operated (Figure 12.13) Recoil Operated (Figure 12.14) Classical Specification (12.7 mm HMG) What Else Is Provided in the Specs? What’s the Normally Offered Package? Specimen HMG Case What Are the Missing Items in the Specification Package? Design Details and Features to be Examined Answered Authors’ Notes on Present-day Firearms Most Significant Improvement Plastic Injection Molding (PIM) can Improve the Form, Function, and Fitness of the Weapon Sighting System Two Present-day Good Quality Firearms Assault Rifle Precession Rifle A Unique Rifle New Challenges and Emerging Requirement Multiple Choice Questions for Practice Index
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