Rules for Writers, 10th Edition
- Length: 624 pages
- Edition: 10
- Language: English
- Publisher: Bedford/st Martins
- Publication Date: 2021-10-11
- ISBN-10: 1319392946
- ISBN-13: 9781319392949
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Rules for Writers supports students from a wide range of backgrounds with accessible explanations, step-by-step advice, class-tested examples, and opportunities to practice and build their writing, grammar, and research skills—all at a tremendous value.
About this Book Cover Page Inside Front Cover Accessibility Halftitle Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface for Instructors HOW TO USE THIS BOOK: Scavenger Hunt Part 1 A Process for Writing 1 Exploring, planning, and drafting 1a Assess your writing situation. Subject Purpose Audience Genre 1b Explore your subject. Asking questions Talking and listening Reading and annotating texts Brainstorming and freewriting Keeping a journal or a blog 1c Draft and revise a working thesis statement. Understanding what makes an effective thesis statement Drafting a working thesis Revising a working thesis HOW TO: Solve five common problems with thesis statements 1d Draft a plan. When to use an informal outline When to use a formal outline 1e Draft an introduction. 1f Draft the body. Asking questions as you draft Adding visuals as you draft 1g Draft a conclusion. 2 Writing paragraphs 2a Focus on a main point. Stating the main point in a topic sentence Sticking to the point 2b Develop the main point. 2c Make paragraphs coherent. Linking ideas clearly Repeating key words Using parallel structures Providing transitions Maintaining consistency 2d If necessary, adjust paragraph length. 2e Choose a suitable strategy for developing paragraphs. Illustrations Narration Description Process Comparison and contrast Analogy Cause and effect Classification Definition 3 Revising, editing, and reflecting 3a Use peer review: Give constructive comments. HOW TO: Write helpful peer review comments 3b Learn from peer review: Revise with comments. 3c One student’s peer review process 3d Approach global revision in cycles. 3e Revise globally by making a reverse outline. 3f Revise and edit sentences. HOW TO: Improve your writing with an editing log 3g Proofread and format the final manuscript. 3h Sample student revision: Literacy narrative WRITING GUIDE: How to write a literacy narrative 3i Reflect on your writing; prepare a portfolio. Part 2 Academic Reading and Writing 4 Reading and writing critically 4a Read actively. Previewing a text Annotating a text HOW TO: Annotate a text effectively Using a double-entry notebook Asking “So what?” HOW TO: Read like a writer 4b Outline a text to identify main ideas. 4c Summarize to deepen your understanding. HOW TO: Summarize effectively 4d Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading. Balancing summary with analysis Drafting an analytical thesis statement HOW TO: Draft an analytical thesis statement 4e Sample student writing: Analysis of an article WRITING GUIDE: How to write an analytical essay 5 Reading and writing about multimodal texts 5a Read actively. 5b Summarize a multimodal text to deepen your understanding. 5c Analyze a multimodal text to demonstrate your critical reading. Drafting an analytical thesis statement 5d Sample student writing: Analysis of an advertisement 6 Reading arguments 6a Read with an open mind and a critical eye. 6b Evaluate ethical, logical, and emotional appeals as a reader. 6c Evaluate the evidence behind an argument. 6d Identify underlying assumptions. 6e Evaluate how fairly a writer handles opposing views. 7 Writing arguments 7a Identify your purpose and context. 7b View your audience as a panel of jurors. 7c Build common ground with your audience. 7d In your introduction, establish credibility and state your position. HOW TO: Draft a thesis statement for an argument CASE STUDY: Responding to an argument 7e Back up your thesis with persuasive lines of argument. 7f Support your thesis with specific evidence. Using facts and statistics Using examples Using visuals Citing expert opinion 7g Anticipate objections; counter opposing arguments. 7h Sample student writing: Argument WRITING GUIDE: How to write an argument essay Part 3 Clarity 8 Prefer active verbs. 8a Choose the active voice or the passive voice, depending on your writing situation. Appropriate uses of the passive voice 8b Replace be verbs that result in dull or wordy sentences. 8c As a rule, choose a subject that names the person or thing doing the action. 9 Balance parallel ideas. 9a Balance parallel ideas in a series. Headings Lists 9b Balance parallel ideas presented as pairs. Parallel ideas linked with coordinating conjunctions Parallel ideas linked with correlative conjunctions Comparisons linked with than or as 9c Repeat function words to clarify parallels. 10 Add needed words. 10a Add words needed to complete compound structures. 10b Add the word that if there is any danger of misreading without it. 10c Add words needed to make comparisons logical and complete. 10d Add the articles a, an, and the where necessary for grammatical completeness. 11 Untangle mixed constructions. 11a Untangle the grammatical structure. 11b Straighten out the logical connections. 11c Avoid is when, is where, and reason … is because constructions. 12 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers. 12a Put limiting modifiers in front of the words they modify. 12b Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see what they modify. 12c Move awkwardly placed modifiers. 12d Avoid split infinitives when they are awkward. 12e Repair dangling modifiers. Recognizing dangling modifiers Repairing dangling modifiers 13 Eliminate distracting shifts. 13a Make the point of view consistent in person and number. 13b Maintain consistent verb tenses. 13c Make verbs consistent in mood and voice. 13d Avoid sudden shifts from indirect to direct questions or quotations. 14 Emphasize key ideas. 14a Coordinate equal ideas; subordinate minor ideas. Coordination Subordination 14b Combine choppy sentences. 14c Avoid ineffective or excessive coordination. 14d Do not subordinate major ideas. 14e Do not subordinate excessively. 14f Experiment with techniques for gaining special emphasis. Using sentence endings for emphasis Using parallel structure for emphasis 15 Provide some variety. 15a Vary your sentence openings. 15b Use a variety of sentence structures. 15c Try inverting sentences occasionally. 16 Tighten wordy sentences. 16a Eliminate redundancies. 16b Avoid unnecessary repetition of words. 16c Cut empty or inflated phrases. 16d Simplify the structure. 16e Reduce clauses to phrases, phrases to single words. 17 Choose appropriate language. 17a Choose an appropriate level of formality. 17b Avoid jargon, except in specialized writing situations. 17c Avoid most euphemisms and doublespeak. 17d In most contexts, avoid slang. 17e Avoid sexist and noninclusive language. Recognizing sexist and noninclusive language Revising sexist and noninclusive language 17f Avoid biased language. 18 Find the exact words. 18a Select words with appropriate connotations. 18b Prefer specific, concrete nouns. 18c Take care with idioms. 18d Do not rely heavily on clichés. 18e Use figures of speech with care. 18f Use the right words. (Glossary of usage) Part 4 Grammar 19 Repair sentence fragments. Recognizing sentence fragments Repairing sentence fragments 19a Attach fragmented subordinate clauses or turn them into sentences. 19b Attach fragmented phrases or turn them into sentences. 19c Attach other fragmented word groups or turn them into sentences. Parts of compound predicates Lists Examples introduced by for example, in addition, or similar expressions 19d Exception: A fragment may be used for effect. 20 Revise run-on sentences. Recognizing run-on sentences HOW TO: Revise a run-on sentence 20a Consider separating the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction. 20b Consider separating the clauses with a semicolon, colon, or dash. 20c Consider making the clauses into separate sentences. 20d Consider restructuring the sentence, perhaps by subordinating one of the clauses. 21 Make subjects and verbs agree. 21a Learn to recognize the standard subject-verb combinations. 21b Make the verb agree with its subject, not with a word that comes between. 21c Treat most subjects joined with and as plural. 21d With subjects joined with or or nor (or with either . . . or or neither . . . nor), make the verb agree with the part of the subject nearer to the verb. 21e Treat most indefinite pronouns as singular. 21f Treat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is clearly plural. 21g Make the verb agree with its subject even when the subject follows the verb. 21h Make the verb agree with its subject, not with a subject complement. 21i Ensure that who, which, and that take verbs that agree with their antecedents. One of the Only one of the 21j Treat words such as athletics, economics, mathematics, and news as singular, despite their plural form. 21k Treat titles of works, company names, words mentioned as words, and gerund phrases as singular. 22 Make pronouns and antecedents agree. 22a Take care with indefinite pronouns (anybody, everyone) and generic nouns. Indefinite pronouns Generic nouns 22b Treat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is clearly plural. 22c Take care with compound antecedents. 23 Make pronoun references clear. 23a Avoid ambiguous or remote pronoun reference. 23b Avoid making broad references with this, that, which, and it. 23c Do not use a pronoun to refer to an implied antecedent. 23d Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, and you. 23e To refer to persons, use who, whom, or whose, not which or that. 24 Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me. 24a Use the subjective case (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) for subjects and subject complements. 24b Use the objective case (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) for all objects. 24c Put an appositive and the word to which it refers in the same case. 24d Following than or as, choose the pronoun that expresses your meaning. 24e Use the objective case for subjects and objects of infinitives. 24f Use the possessive case to modify a gerund. 25 Distinguish between who and whom. 25a Use who and whom correctly in subordinate clauses. 25b Use who and whom correctly in questions. 25c Use whom for subjects or objects of infinitives. 26 Choose adjectives and adverbs with care. 26a Use adjectives to modify nouns. Subject complements Object complements 26b Use adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. 26c Distinguish between good and well, bad and badly. 26d Use comparatives and superlatives with care. Comparative versus superlative Forming comparatives and superlatives Double comparatives or superlatives Absolute concepts 26e Avoid double negatives. 27 Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods. 27a Choose correct forms of irregular verbs. Common irregular verbs 27b Distinguish among the forms of lie and lay. 27c Use -s or -es endings on present-tense verbs that have third-person singular subjects. Has versus have Does versus do and doesn’t versus don’t Am, is, and are; was and were 27d Do not omit -ed endings on verbs. Past tense Past participles 27e Do not omit needed verbs. 27f Choose the appropriate verb tense. Survey of tenses Special uses of the present tense The past perfect tense Sequence of tenses with infinitives and participles 27g Use the subjunctive mood in the few contexts that require it. Forms of the subjunctive Uses of the subjunctive Part 5 Multilingual Writers and ESL Topics 28 Verbs 28a Use effective verb forms and tenses. Basic verb forms Verb tenses 28b To write a verb in the passive voice, use a form of be with the past participle. 28c Use the base form of the verb after a modal. 28d To make negative verb forms, add not. 28e In a conditional sentence, choose verb tenses according to the type of condition expressed in the sentence. Factual Predictive Speculative 28f Become familiar with verbs that may be followed by gerunds or infinitives. Verb gerund or infinitive (no change in meaning) Verb gerund or infinitive (change in meaning) Verb gerund Verb infinitive Verb noun or pronoun infinitive Verb noun or pronoun unmarked infinitive 29 Articles (a, an, the) 29a Be familiar with articles and other noun markers. Using articles and other noun markers Types of articles and types of nouns 29b Use the with most specific common nouns. 29c Use a (or an) with common singular count nouns that refer to “one” or “any.”. 29d Use a quantifier, not a or an, with a noncount noun to express an approximate amount. 29e Use no article with nouns that refer to all of something or something in general. 29f Use no article with most singular proper nouns; use the with most plural proper nouns. 30 Sentence structure 30a Use a linking verb between a subject and its complement. 30b Include a subject in every sentence. 30c Avoid using both a noun and a pronoun to play the same grammatical role in a sentence. 30d Avoid repeating a subject, an object, or an adverb in an adjective clause. 30e Avoid placing an adverb between a verb and its direct object. 30f Distinguish between present participles and past participles used as adjectives. 30g Place cumulative adjectives in an appropriate order. 31 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions 31a Become familiar with prepositions that show time and place. 31b Use nouns (including -ing forms) after prepositions. 31c Become familiar with common adjective preposition combinations. 31d Become familiar with common verb preposition combinations. 32 Paraphrasing sources effectively 32a Avoid replacing a source’s words with synonyms. 32b Determine the meaning of the original source. 32c Present the author’s meaning in your own words. Part 6 Punctuation 33 The comma 33a Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction joining independent clauses. 33b Use a comma after an introductory clause or phrase. 33c Use a comma between all items in a series. 33d Use a comma between coordinate adjectives not joined with and. 33e Use commas to set off nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements, but not restrictive (essential) elements. Restrictive (essential) elements Nonrestrictive (nonessential) elements Adjective clauses Adjective phrases Appositives 33f Use commas to set off transitional expressions and other word groups. Transitional expressions Parenthetical expressions Absolute phrases Word groups expressing contrast 33g Use commas to set off nouns of direct address, the words yes and no, interrogative tags, and mild interjections. 33h Use commas with expressions such as he said to set off direct quotations. 33i Use commas with dates, addresses, titles, and numbers. Dates Addresses Titles Numbers 34 Unnecessary commas 34a Do not use a comma with a coordinating conjunction that joins only two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses. 34b Do not use a comma to separate a verb from its subject or object. 34c Do not use a comma before the first or after the last item in a series. 34d Do not use a comma between cumulative adjectives, between an adjective and a noun, or between an adverb and an adjective. 34e Do not use commas to set off restrictive (essential) elements. 34f Do not use a comma to set off a concluding adverb clause that is essential for meaning. 34g Do not use a comma after a phrase that begins an inverted sentence. 34h Avoid other common misuses of the comma. 35 The semicolon 35a Use a semicolon between closely related independent clauses not joined with a coordinating conjunction. 35b Use a semicolon between independent clauses linked with a transitional expression. 35c Use a semicolon between items in a series containing internal punctuation. 35d Avoid common misuses of the semicolon. 36 The colon 36a Use a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to a list, an appositive, a quotation, or a summary or an explanation. 36b Use a colon according to convention. 36c Avoid common misuses of the colon. 37 The apostrophe 37a Use an apostrophe to indicate that a noun is possessive. When to add -’s When to add only an apostrophe Joint possession Compound nouns 37b Use an apostrophe and -s to indicate that an indefinite pronoun is possessive. 37c Use an apostrophe to mark omissions in contractions and numbers. 37d Do not use an apostrophe in certain situations. Plural of numbers and abbreviations Plural of letters and words mentioned as words 37e Avoid common misuses of the apostrophe. 38 Quotation marks 38a Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Exception: Indirect quotations Exception: Long quotations 38b Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation. 38c Use quotation marks around the titles of short works. 38d Quotation marks may be used to set off words used as words. 38e Use punctuation with quotation marks according to convention. Periods and commas Colons and semicolons Question marks and exclamation points Introducing quoted material 38f Avoid common misuses of quotation marks. 39 End punctuation 39a The period To end sentences In abbreviations 39b The question mark 39c The exclamation point 40 Other punctuation marks 40a The dash 40b Parentheses 40c Brackets 40d The ellipsis 40e The slash Part 7 Mechanics 41 Abbreviations 41a Use standard abbreviations for titles immediately before and after proper names. 41b Use abbreviations only when you are sure your readers will understand them. 41c Use BCE, CE, a.m., p.m., No., and $ only with specific dates, times, numbers, and amounts. 41d Abbreviate units of measurement used with numerals. 41e Be sparing in your use of Latin abbreviations. 41f Plural of abbreviations 42 Numbers 42a Follow the conventions in your discipline for spelling out or using numerals to express numbers. 42b Use numerals according to convention in dates, addresses, and so on. 43 Italics 43a Italicize the titles of works according to convention. 43b Italicize non-English words used in an English sentence. 43c Italicize words mentioned as words, letters mentioned as letters, and numbers mentioned as numbers. 44 Spelling 44a Become familiar with the major spelling rules. i before e except after c Suffixes Plurals 44b Differentiate words that sound alike but have different meanings. 45 Hyphenation 45a Consult the dictionary to determine how to treat a compound word. 45b Hyphenate two or more words used together as an adjective before a noun. 45c Hyphenate fractions and certain numbers when they are spelled out. 45d Use a hyphen with the prefixes all-, ex- (meaning “former”), and self- and with the suffix -elect. 45e Use a hyphen in certain words to avoid ambiguity. 45f Check for correct word breaks when words must be divided at the end of a line. 46 Capitalization 46a Capitalize proper nouns and words derived from them; do not capitalize common nouns. 46b Capitalize titles of persons when used as part of a proper name but usually not when used alone. 46c Capitalize titles according to convention. 46d Capitalize the first word of a sentence. 46e Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence but not a quoted word or phrase. 46f Know your options when the first word after a colon begins an independent clause. Part 8 Grammar Basics 47 Parts of speech 47a Nouns 47b Pronouns 47c Verbs Helping verbs Main verbs 47d Adjectives 47e Adverbs 47f Prepositions 47g Conjunctions 47h Interjections 48 Sentence patterns 48a Subjects The complete subject The simple subject Understood subjects Subject after the verb 48b Verbs, objects, and complements Linking verbs and subject complements Transitive verbs and direct objects Transitive verbs, indirect objects, and direct objects Transitive verbs, direct objects, and object complements Intransitive verbs 49 Subordinate word groups 49a Prepositional phrases 49b Verbal phrases Participial phrases Gerund phrases Infinitive phrases 49c Appositive phrases 49d Absolute phrases 49e Subordinate clauses Adjective clauses Adverb clauses Noun clauses 50 Sentence types 50a Sentence structures Simple sentences Compound sentences Complex sentences Compound-complex sentences 50b Sentence purposes Part 9 Research 51 Thinking like a researcher; gathering sources 51a Manage the project. Managing time Getting the big picture Keeping a research log 51b Pose questions worth exploring. Choosing a focused question Choosing a debatable question Choosing a question grounded in evidence Testing your research question HOW TO: Enter a research conversation 51c Map out a search strategy. 51d Search efficiently; master a few shortcuts to finding good sources. Using the library Using the web Using bibliographies and citations as shortcuts Check URLs for clues about sponsorship HOW TO:Go Beyond A Google Search 51e Write a research proposal. 51f Conduct field research, if appropriate. Interviewing Conducting a survey 52 Managing information; taking notes responsibly 52a Maintain a working bibliography. 52b Keep track of source materials. 52c As you take notes, avoid unintentional plagiarism. HOW TO: Avoid Plagiarizing From The Web HOW TO: Take Notes Responsibly 53 Evaluating sources 53a Evaluate the reliability and usefulness of a source. 53b Read with an open mind and a critical eye. 53c Assess web sources with special care. HOW TO: Detect False And Misleading Sources 53d Construct an annotated bibliography. WRITING GUIDE: How to write an annotated bibliography Part 10 Writing Papers in MLA Style 54 Supporting a thesis 54a Form a working thesis statement. 54b Organize ideas with an informal plan. 54c Consider how sources will contribute to your research paper. Providing context or background information Explaining terms or concepts Supporting your claims Lending authority to your argument Anticipating and countering objections 55 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism 55a Understand how the MLA system works. 55b Understand what plagiarism is. 55c Use quotation marks around borrowed language. 55d Put summaries and paraphrases in your own words. HOW TO: Be a responsible research writer 56 Integrating sources 56a Summarize and paraphrase effectively. Summarizing Paraphrasing HOW TO: Paraphrase effectively 56b Use quotations effectively. Limiting your use of quotations Using the ellipsis Using brackets Setting off long quotations 56c Use signal phrases to integrate sources. Marking boundaries Establishing authority Introducing summaries and paraphrases Integrating statistics and other facts Putting source material in context 56d Synthesize sources. Considering how sources relate to your argument Placing sources in conversation 57 Documenting sources in MLA style List of MLA in-text citation models List of MLA works cited models 57a MLA in-text citations General guidelines for signal phrases and page numbers Variations on the general guidelines Literary works and sacred texts 57b MLA list of works cited General guidelines for listing authors HOW TO: Answer the basic question ‘Who is the author?’ Articles and other short works Books and other long works Web sources Audio, visual, and multimedia sources HOW TO: Cite a source reposted from another Government and legal documents Personal communication and course materials 57c MLA information notes (optional) 58 MLA format; sample research paper 58a MLA format Formatting the paper: The basics Formatting the paper: Other concerns Preparing the list of works cited 58b Sample MLA research paper Part 11 Writing Papers in APA Style 59 Supporting a thesis 59a Form a working thesis statement. 59b Organize your ideas. 59c Consider how sources will contribute to your research paper. Providing context or background information Explaining terms or concepts Supporting your claims Lending authority to your argument Anticipating and countering objections 60 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism 60a Understand how the APA system works. 60b Understand what plagiarism is. 60c Use quotation marks around borrowed language. 60d Put summaries and paraphrases in your own words. 61 Integrating sources 61a Summarize and paraphrase effectively. Summarizing Paraphrasing 61b Use quotations effectively. Limiting your use of quotations Using the ellipsis Using brackets Setting off long quotations 61c Use signal phrases to integrate sources. Marking boundaries Using signal phrases with summaries and paraphrases Integrating statistics and other data Putting source material in context 61d Synthesize sources. 62 Documenting sources in APA style 62a APA in-text citations 62b APA list of references General guidelines for listing authors Articles and other short works Books and other long works Websites and parts of websites Audio, visual, and multimedia sources Personal communication and social media 63 APA format; sample research paper 63a APA format Formatting the paper Preparing the list of references 63b Sample APA research paper Appendix: Models of professional writing Answers to lettered exercises Index Credits Multilingual Menu Editing Marks Detailed Menu Back Cover Extended Descriptions A portion of a sample essay introduction, with annotations, Continuation of the sample essay introduction, with annotations. A pie chart of the health insurance coverages in the United States in 2007. A bar graph titled “The Pursuit of Property” shows the home ownership rates in the United States between 1930 and 2000. A visualization of graduation rates for kids in low-income communities. A table comparing the price (U.S. dollars) of daily doses of AIDS drugs in four countries. A photo of a house that has collapsed. One side of the roof is falling down. The structure of a hair strand. A flowchart for selecting the appropriate steps for a proposed action. A corrected transition between two sentences. An annotated excerpt from an online peer review session between peer reviewer Juan and the writer Rachel. Part one of an essay rough draft that has been commented on by peers. Part two of an essay rough draft that has been commented on by peers. Part three of an essay rough draft that has been commented on by peers. An excerpt from a student draft, with annotations. A sample sentence edited to correct the clause. Nguyen’s final draft titled, “A Place to Begin,” with annotations. The second page of Nguyen’s final draft. The third page of Nguyen’s final draft. A screenshot of an online article that has been annotated. Annotated advertisement. A screenshot of a web advertisement with a a call-to-action button. An annotated WWF advertisement. The fifth page of an annotated argumentative student writing sample. Annotated Article: Big Box Stores Are Bad for Main Street. Written by Betsy Taylor. Continuation of Annotated Article: Big Box Stores Are Bad for Main Street. Written by Betsy Taylor. An annotated article summary. A sample paragraph balancing summary and analysis. Page one of four. A sample analysis of an article. Presented in MLA format. Page two of a sample analysis in MLA format. Page three of a sample analysis in MLA format. Page four of a sample analysis in MLA format. The Work Cited page. Page one of five. An analysis of the Equal Exchange advertisement. Presented in MLA formatting. Page two of the Equal Exchange advertisement analysis. Page three of the Equal Exchange advertisement analysis. Page four of the Equal Exchange advertisement analysis. Page five of the Equal Exchange advertisement analysis: the Work Cited page. The first of a seven-page argumentative student writing sample. The sample is annotated and there are a total of eight images. The second page of an annotated argumentative student writing sample. The third page of an annotated argumentative student writing sample. The fourth page of an annotated argumentative student writing sample. The sixth page of an annotated argumentative student writing sample. The seventh page of an annotated argumentative student writing sample; the Works Cited page. The eighth image of an annotated argumentative student writing sample; the end of the Work Cited page. 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clauses A sentence with edits Two sentences highlight their verb, noun, and infinitive A sentence with edits Three sentences show the articles, adjectives, and nouns with markings A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with its expletive, verb, and subject marked A sentence shows classifications and edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits An incorrect sentence has its topic and the independent clause marked A sentence with edits A sentence has its adjective clause marked A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A list shows the cumulative adjectives for the various attributes from the first to the last in the right order. Examples are provided for each of the attribute A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A paragraph with annotations A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence shows mark ups A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with the nouns marked A sentence with the noun/adjectives marked A sentence with some words underlined Three sentences identify the main verb and helping verb Three phrases identify adjectives Two sentences show the use of adverbs Two sentences, with the adverbs identified Two sentences identifies the subject Two sentences are presented that have their subject, verb, and subject complements identified A sentence reads, “The hungry cat clawed the bag of dry food.” A sentence reads, “You give her some yarn, and she will knit you a scarf.” Two sentences identify subject, verb, direct object, and object complement Two sentences identify subject and verb Three sentences A sentence identifies adjective and adverb phrases Four sentences with parts identified Two sentences show adjective clauses Two sentences show subordinate clauses Two sentences with parts identified Two sentences with parts identified Two sentences identify independent clause Three sentences identify subordinate clause A sentence with parts identified A calendar shows the schedule for completing a research assignment An excerpt from an original source with annotations A screenshot shows webpage of the National Conference of State Legislatures (N C S L) A screenshot shows a company webpage A sample bibliography entry and summary, with annotations A sample working thesis statement, with annotations A sample revised thesis statement, with an annotation A sample introductory paragraph, with annotations Text shows in-text citation, with annotations Annotated text shows a quotation with effective context (quotation sandwich). Annotated text of connecting a source to the writer’s argument A sample student note in a text. A linear chart for organizing research ideas A sample synthesis written by a student, with annotations A chart maps source attributions of two containers in two columns with an intermediary text A sample work citation entry with parts labeled A sample work citation entry for a journal article in a database A screenshot shows the video webpage of C B S News Online A sample work citation entry for website A screenshot shows the webpage of Taylor and Francis Online. All sections of the webpage are numbered from 1 to 7 A sample work citation entry for an article in an online journal A screenshot of the home page of Project Muse shows several numbered sections A sample work citation entry for an article from a database The title page of a book, with parts labeled A sample work citation entry for a print book The title page of an anthology, the first page of selection, and the copyright page A sample work citation entry for selection from an anthology A screenshot of an internal page of the United States Census Bureau website shows several numbered sections A sample work citation entry for an internal page from a website A screenshot shows the J F K inaugural address 1 of 2 uploaded in YouTube A sample work citation entry for a video on the web A sample paper written in M L A style, with annotations A sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations Continuation of a sample M L A research paper with annotations A sample synthesis with annotations A screenshot shows an online article An example for including online article in reference list A screenshot shows a database record An example for including database article in reference list A screenshot shows title page of a print book in A P A style An example of including print book details in a reference list A screenshot shows the contents of a web document page An example for including web document information in the reference list Text shows the A P A format of a sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the continuation of the sample research paper with annotations Text shows the abstract of the sample A P A research paper with annotations A sample business report with annotations A sample business letter with annotations A sample resume with annotations A sample professional memo with annotations A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits A sentence with edits Two sentences with edits A sentence with edits The inside front cover of the book, Rules for Writers, Tenth Edition by Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers The back cover of the book, Rules for Writers, Tenth Edition by Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers A sample working thesis statement, with annotations A sample working thesis statement, with annotations Two example sentences demonstrate incorrect comma usage Extended description for An example of a comma splice A sequence of words is rearranged to form a phrase A sentence with edits
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