Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 6th Edition

Length: 320 pages
Edition: S
Language: English
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Publication Date: 2022-11-08
ISBN-10: 1071817949
ISBN-13: 9781071817940
Sales Rank: #28908 (See Top 100 Books)

“Creswell’s Research Design is an accessible and useful book that stimulates students through walk through experiences, use of exercises, and production of actual writing samples. It is a book that models the types of issues that best suit different approaches and allows students to understand when to use mixed methods. Furthermore, its focus on theory and paradigms is done in a way that helps students decode their meaning.”
–MARTHA MONTERO-SIEBURTH, University of Massachusetts, Boston

New to the Second Edition:

Because mixed methods research has come into its own since the publication of the first edition, every chapter now shows how to implement a mixed methods design in your proposal or plan as well as showing how to implement qualitative and quantitative approaches Ethical issues that may arise in quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods designs have been added to a new section in Chapter 3 Writing tips and considerations have been expanded and moved to the first part of the book to get your research plan started in the right direction The latest developments in qualitative inquiry, including advocacy, participatory, and emancipatory approaches have been added to Chapter 10 Mixed methods procedures (Chapter 11) show readers how to identify types of mixed methods strategy, select data collection and analysis approaches, and plan the overall structure of the study

Preface
Companion Website
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
PART I PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
    Chapter 1 The Selection of a Research Approach
        Learning Objectives
        Introducing Key Terms in this Chapter
        Three Approaches or Methodologies in Research
        Three Major Components of a Research Approach
            Philosophical Worldviews
                The Postpositivist Worldview
                The Constructivist Worldview
                The Transformative Worldview
                The Pragmatic Worldview
            Research Designs
                Quantitative Designs
                Qualitative Designs
                Mixed Methods Designs
            Research Methods
        Interconnecting Worldviews, Designs, and Methods
        Criteria for Selecting a Research Approach
            The Research Problem and Questions
            Personal Experiences
            Audience
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 2 Review of the Literature
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        The Research Topic
            A Draft Title
            A Significant Topic
        The Purpose and Organization of a Literature Review
            Purpose of a Literature Review
            The Organization of the Literature Review
                General Forms
                A Qualitative Structure
                A Quantitative Structure
                A Mixed Methods Structure
        Steps in Conducting a Literature Review
        Searching the Literature
            Computer Databases
            Types of Literature
                Priority of the Literature
                Overall Evaluation Quality
            Abstracting the Literature
                Components of an Abstract
                Theoretical, Conceptual, and Methodological Abstracts
            A Literature Map
        Style Manual Use
        The Definition of Terms
            General Guidelines
            Special Terms
            ► Example 2.2 Defining Terms in a Dissertation
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 3 The Use of Theory
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        The Varied Use of Theory
        Quantitative Theory Use
            Definition of a Theory in Quantitative Research
            Variables in Quantitative Research
            Testing Causal Claims in Quantitative Research
            Stating Theories in Quantitative Research
            Placement of Quantitative Theories
            Writing a Quantitative Theoretical Perspective
            ► Example 3.1 A Quantitative Theory Section
        Qualitative Theory Use
            Variation in Theory Use in Qualitative Research
            Locating the Theory in Qualitative Research
            ► Example 3.2 A Theory Early in a Qualitative Study
            ► Example 3.3 Theory at the End of a Qualitative Study
        Mixed Methods Theory Use
            Types of Mixed Methods Theory Use
            Importance of a Theory
            Distinctions Between a Theory and a Worldview
            A Theoretically Driven Mixed Methods Study
            What Theory Informs
            ► Example 3.4 A Discipline-Based Theory in a Mixed Methods Study
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 4 Writing Strategies and Ethical Considerations
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        Writing the Proposal
            Topics Presented in a Proposal
            A Qualitative Proposal
            ► Example 4.1 A Qualitative Constructivist or Interpretivist Format
            A Quantitative Proposal
            ► Example 4.2 A Qualitative Participatory or Social Justice Format
            ► Example 4.3 A Quantitative Format
            A Mixed Methods Proposal
            ► Example 4.4 A Mixed Methods Format
            Designing the Sections of a Proposal
        Writing Strategies
            The Process
            The Habit of Writing
            Clear and Concise Writing
            Coherence
            Voice, Tense, and “Fat”
        Ethical Issues
            Prior to Beginning the Study
            Beginning the Study
            Collecting the Data
            Analyzing the Data
            Reporting, Sharing, and Storing Data
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
PART II DESIGNING RESEARCH
    Chapter 5 The Introduction
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction to a Study
        The Importance of Introductions
        An Abstract for a Study
        Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Introductions
        A Model for an Introduction
        An Illustration of an Introduction
        The Research Problem
        Evidence From the Literature Justifying the Problem
        Deficiencies in the Evidence
            ► Example 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature—Needed Studies
            ► Example 5.2 Deficiencies in the Literature—Few Studies
            Importance of the Problem for Audiences
            ► Example 5.3 Significance of the Study Stated in an Introduction to a Quantitative Study
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 6 The Purpose Statement
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        Significance of a Purpose (or Study Aim) Statement
        A Qualitative Purpose Statement
            ► Example 6.1 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Phenomenology Study
            ► Example 6.2 A Purpose Statement in a Qualitative Case Study
            ► Example 6.3 A Purpose Statement in a Narrative Study
            ► Example 6.4 A Purpose Statement in a Grounded Theory Study
        A Quantitative Purpose Statement
            ► Example 6.5 A Purpose Statement in a Survey Study
            ► Example 6.6 A Purpose Statement in a Dissertation Survey Study
            ► Example 6.7 A Purpose Statement in an Experimental Study
        A Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
            ► Example 6.8 A Convergent Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
            ► Example 6.9 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
            ► Example 6.10 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Purpose Statement
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 7 Research Questions and Hypotheses
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        Quantitative Research Questions and Hypotheses
            ► Example 7.1 Script for a Descriptive Quantitative Research Question
            ► Example 7.2 Script for a Relationship-Oriented Quantitative Research Question and Directional Hypothesis
            ► Example 7.3 Example of Quantitative Directional Hypotheses
        Qualitative Research Questions
            ► Example 7.4 A Qualitative Central Question in an Ethnography
            ► Example 7.5 Qualitative Central Questions in a Case Study
            ► Example 7.6 Qualitative Sub-Questions
        Mixed Methods Research Questions and Hypotheses
            ► Example 7.7 Statement of Objectives in a Mixed Methods Study
            ► Example 7.8 Research Questions in a Mixed Methods Study
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 8 Quantitative Methods
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        Putting Quantitative Research in Context
        Quantitative Designs
        Components of a Survey Study Method Plan
        The Survey Design
            The Purpose
            Rationale for Using the Survey Method
            Type of Survey Method
            Specify the Form of Data Collection
            The Population and Sample
                The Population
                Sampling Design
                Type of Sampling
                Population Stratification
                Sample Size Determination
                Power Analysis
            Instrumentation
                The Survey Instruments Used to Collect Data
                Instruments and Measures
                Validity of Scores Using the Instrument
                Reliability of Scores on the Instrument
                Inter-Rater Reliability
                Sample Items
                Content of an Instrument
                Pilot Testing
                Administering the Survey
            Variables in the Study
            Data Analysis
            Preregistering the Study Plan
            Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section
                Reporting Results
                Statistical Tests in Survey Research
                Practical Evidence
                Context of Previous Studies
            Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan
            Participants
                Recruiting Participants
                Random Assignment
                Power Analysis for Sample Size
                Formal Design Statement
            Variables
                Independent Variables
                Manipulation Check
                Dependent Variables
                Other Variables
            Instrumentation and Materials
                Materials
                Cover Story
            Experimental Procedures
                Type of Experiment
            ► Example 8.1 Pre-Experimental Designs
            ► Example 8.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs
            ► Example 8.3 True Experimental Designs
            ► Example 8.4 Single-Subject Designs
            Threats to Validity
                Internal Validity
                External Validity
            The Procedure
            Data Analysis
                Reporting the Descriptive Statistics
                Preliminary Analysis
                Inferential Statistical Tests
                Factorial Designs
                Single-Subject Designs
            Preregistering the Study Plan
            Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section
            ► Example 8.5 An Experimental Method Plan
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 9 Qualitative Methods
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        Putting Qualitative Research Into Context
            Participants’ Meanings
            Natural Setting
            Researcher as Key Instrument
            Multiple Sources of Data
            Inductive and Deductive Data Analysis
            Emergent Design
            Reflexivity
            Researcher’s Role
            A Complex Account
        The Approach or Design
            Descriptive Methods
            Analytic Frameworks
        Data Collection Procedures
            Sampling and Recruitment
            Permissions
            Data Collection Types
            Ethical Issues
            Data Recording Procedures
                Observation Protocol or Guide
                Interview Protocol
        Data Analysis Procedures
            Simultaneous Procedures
            Winnowing the Data
            Using Qualitative Computer Software Programs
            Steps in the Analytic Process
                Step 1. Organizing and Preparing the Data for Analysis
                Step 2. Reading Through All the Data
                Step 3. Coding the Data
                Step 4. Identifying Themes
                Step 5. Developing a Story Line Interpretation
                Step 6. Further Analyzing the Data Using an Analytic Framework
                Step 7. Representing and Interpreting the Data
            Coding the Data
                Expected Codes
                Surprising Codes
                Codes of Unusual or Conceptual Interest
                Predetermined Codes
                Visual Images as Codes
        Interpretation
        Validity and Reliability
            Defining Qualitative Validity
            Validity Strategies
            Reliability Strategies
            Intercoder Agreement
            Qualitative Generalization
        Writing the Qualitative Report
            Writing Strategies
        A Sample Qualitative Method Section
            The Qualitative Research Paradigm
            The Ethnographic Research Design
            The Researcher’s Role
            Bounding the Study
                Setting
                Actors
                Events
                Processes
            Ethical Considerations
            Data Collection Strategies
            Data Analysis Procedures
            Verification
        Reporting the Findings
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
    Chapter 10 Mixed Methods Procedures
        Learning Objectives
        Introduction
        Putting Mixed Methods Research in Perspective
        Characteristics of Mixed Methods Research
        Justification for Using Mixed Methods Research
        Definitions of Mixed Methods Terms
        Open- and Closed-Ended Data
        Research Design
        Integration
        Joint Display
            Metainferences
        The Process of Conducting a Mixed Methods Study
        Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection
            Core Mixed Methods Designs
                The Convergent Mixed Methods Design
                Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
                Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
            Complex Mixed Methods Designs
                Types of Complex Designs
                Development of Complex Designs
                Examples of Complex Designs
                Incorporating Core Designs Into Complex Designs
            Factors Important in Choosing a Mixed Methods Design
                Choice Based on Intent and Procedures
            Other Reasons for Choosing a Design
                Popular Designs in a Field or Discipline
                The Single Researcher Versus a Team
                Choice of Design by Advisers or Mentors
                Secondary Reasons for a Choice
        Examples of Mixed Methods Procedures
            ► Example 10.1 A Convergent Mixed Methods Design
            ► Example 10.2 An Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
            ► Example 10.3 An Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design
            ► Example 10.4 Social Justice Design
        Summary
        Key Terms
        Writing Exercises
        Additional Readings
Glossary
References
Author Index
Subject Index