Requirements Engineering for Safety-Critical Systems
- Length: 180 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: River Publishers
- Publication Date: 2022-01-15
- ISBN-10: 8770224277
- ISBN-13: 9788770224277
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Safety-Critical Systems (SCS) are increasingly present in people’s daily activities. In the means of transport, in medical treatments, in industrial processes, in the control of air, land, maritime traffic, and many other situations, we use and depend on SCS. The requirements engineering of any system is crucial for the proper development of the same, and it becomes even more relevant for the development of SCS. Requirements Engineering is a discipline that focuses on the development of techniques, methods, processes, and tools that assist in the design of software and systems, covering the activities of elicitation, analysis, modeling and specification, validation, and management of requirements. The complete specification of system requirements establishes the basis for its architectural design. It offers a description of the functional and quality aspects that should guide the implementation and system evolution. In this book, we discuss essential elements of requirements engineering applied to SCS, such as the relationship between safety/hazard analysis and requirements specification, a balance between conservative and agile methodologies during SCS development, the role of requirements engineering in safety cases, and requirements engineering maturity model for SCS. This book provides relevant insights for professionals, students, and researchers interested in improving the quality of the SCS development process, making system requirements a solid foundation for improving the safety and security of future systems.
Front Cover Requirements Engineering for Safety-Critical Systems Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 The Role of the Safety and Hazard Analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Foundations of Safety Engineering 2.2.1 The Threats: Faults, Errors, and Failures 2.2.2 Safety Concepts 2.3 A Method for Safety and Hazard Analysis 2.3.1 Step 1: Hazards Identification 2.3.2 Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA) 2.3.3 HAZOP 2.3.4 STAMP/STPA 2.4 Step 2: Hazards Evaluation 2.4.1 Step 3: Risk Analysis 2.5 Safety-related Requirements Specification 2.5.1 The Means to Obtain Safety 2.5.2 Model-driven Approaches 2.5.3 Textual-driven Approaches 2.5.4 Model-driven Approaches Combined with Natural Language Specification 2.5.5 Ontological Approach to Elicit Safety Requirements 2.6 Conclusions References 3 Integrating New and Traditional Approaches of Safety Analysis 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background and Related Work 3.2.1 Background 3.2.2 Related Work 3.3 Traditional Approaches 3.3.1 FMEA: Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 3.3.2 FTA: Fault Tree Analysis 3.4 New Approaches 3.4.1 STAMP 3.4.2 STPA 3.5 Integration Between New and Traditional Approaches 3.6 Conclusion References 4 Agile Requirements Engineering 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Agile Methods 4.2.1 Scrum 4.2.2 XP 4.3 Agile Requirements Engineering in SCS 4.3.1 Requirements Elicitation 4.3.2 Requirements Analysis and Negotiation 4.3.3 Requirements Specification 4.3.4 Requirements Validation 4.3.5 Requirements Management 4.4 Traditional x Agile Requirements Engineering 4.5 Case Studies 4.5.1 Pharmaceutical Company 4.5.2 Avionics Company 4.6 Conclusions References 5 A Comparative Study of Requirements-Based Testing Approaches 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background and Related Work 5.3 Experiment Design 5.4 Results and Discussion 5.5 Conclusions 5.6 Future Work References 6 Requirements Engineering in Aircraft Systems, Hardware, Software, and Database Development 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Aviation Standards 6.2.1 SAE ARP 4754A 6.2.2 RTCA DO-297 6.2.3 RTCA DO-178C 6.2.4 RTCA DO-254 6.2.5 RTCA DO-200B 6.3 Requirements Engineering in Aviation 6.3.1 Certification Requirements 6.3.2 Aircraft and System Requirements 6.4 Software Requirements 6.4.1 Model-Based Software Requirements 6.4.2 Software Requirements Using Object-Oriented Technology 6.4.3 Software Requirements Using Formal Methods 6.5 Hardware Requirements 6.5.1 Onboard Database Requirements 6.5.2 Parameter Data Items 6.5.3 Aeronautical Databases 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Generating Safety Requirements for Medical Equipment 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Related Works 7.3 Framework for Integration of Risk Management Process 7.3.1 Risk Management Process According to ISO 7.3.2 Framework Description. 7.3.2.1 Equipment Functions 7.3.2.2 Hazardous Situations Level 7.3.2.3 Equipment Architecture 7.3.2.4 Risk Evaluation and Control Level 7.3.2.5 Development of Components 7.3.2.6 Hazardous Situations Level 2 Evaluation and Risk Control 7.4 Conclusion References 8 Meta-Requirements for Space Systems 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Requirements Engineering in Space Systems 8.2.1 Requirements in Space Systems 8.2.2 Meta-Requirements in Space Systems 8.2.3 Requirement Engineering Process in Space Systems 8.3 Meta-requirements Selected to Space Systems 8.3.1 Accuracy 8.3.2 Availability 8.3.3 Completeness 8.3.4 Consistency 8.3.5 Correctness 8.3.6 Efficiency 8.3.7 Failure Tolerance 8.3.8 Maintainability 8.3.9 Modularity 8.3.10 Portability 8.3.11 Reliability 8.3.12 Recoverability 8.3.13 Robustness 8.3.14 Safety 8.3.15 Security 8.3.16 Self-description 8.3.17 Simplicity 8.3.18 Stability 8.3.19 Survivability 8.3.20 Testability 8.3.21 Traceability 8.4 Conclusion References 9 The Role of Requirements Engineering in Safety Cases 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Safety Cases 9.2.1 Definition 9.2.2 Example 9.2.3 Development 9.3 Requirements Artefacts and Safety Cases 9.3.1 Safety Requirements 9.3.2 Argumentation patterns 9.4 Safety Case Development and Requirements Processes 9.4.1 Joint development 9.4.2 Traceability 9.5 Conclusions References 10 Safety and Security Requirements Working Together 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Approaching Safety and Security Requirements 10.2.1 Understanding the Stuxnet 10.2.2 May Stuxnet Similar Case Also Happen in Aircraft? 10.2.3 But are the authorities doing something in this new scenario? 10.2.4 Understanding the DO-326A/ED-202A Airworthiness Security Process Specification 10.2.5 Why Do We Need Specific Guidelines for Security Requirements? 10.2.6 A Practical Example of a Possible Back Door for an Attacker 10.2.7 Considering Security Aspects During the Aircraft Development Lifecycle 10.2.8 Defining Security Treat Conditions 10.2.9 Security Measures 10.2.10 Developing Security Requirements 10.3 Conclusion References 11 Requirements Engineering Maturity Model for Safety-Critical Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 A Maturity Model for Safety-Critical Systems 11.2.1 Process Area View 11.2.2 Maturity Level View 11.3 Evaluating the safety processes 11.3.1 Assessment Instrument and Tool 11.3.2 Results of a Safety Maturity Assessment 11.4 Conclusions References Index About Editors and Authors Back Cover
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