Principles of Communication Engineering
- Length: 646 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: CRC Press
- Publication Date: 2021-10-01
- ISBN-10: 1032119446
- ISBN-13: 9781032119441
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
This is the book, in which the subject matter is dealt from elementary to the advance level in a unique manner. Three outstanding features can be claimed for the book viz. (i) style; the student, while going through the pages would feel as if he is attending a class room. (ii) language: that an average student can follow and (iii) approach: it takes the student from ”known to unknown” and ”simple to complex.” The book is reader friendly, thought provoking and stimulating. It helps in clearing cobwebs of the mind. The style is lucid and un-adulterated. Unnecessary mathematics has been avoided.
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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Preface Brief Contents Table of Contents 1. Basic Concepts and Signal Analysis 1.1 Communication 1.2 Methods of Communication 1.3 Process of Communication 1.4 Brief History of Communication 1.5 Electronic Communication 1.6 Structure of An Electronic Communication System 1.7 Bandwidth Requirement 1.8 Types of Electronic Communication Systems 1.9 Transmission Mediums 1.10 Important Facts About Sound and Light 1.11 Modulation 1.12 Need for Modulation 1.13 Types of Modulations 1.14 Radio (Wireless) Broadcasting, Transmission and Reception 1.15 Reasons of Errors in Communication System 1.16 Types of Communication Systems 1.17 Signals and Classification 1.18 Representation of Signals 1.19 Fourier Analysis of Signals 1.20 Fourier Transformation and Properties 1.21 Polar Fourier Series Representation 1.22 Complex Fourier Exponential Series 1.23 Concept of Negative Frequency 1.24 Hartley and Shannon Hartley Theorem Summary 2. Noise 2.1 Sources of Noise 2.2 Classification of Noise 2.3 Power Spectral Density (PSD) 2.4 External Noises 2.5 Internal Noises 2.6 Thermal Or Resistance Noise 2.7 Shot Noise 2.8 Partition Noise 2.9 Other Noises 2.10 Harmful Effects of Noise and to Reduce Noise 2.11 Noise Resistance 2.12 Signal-Noise Ratio (SNR) 2.13 Noise Figure or Noise Factor (NF or F) 2.14 Noise Figure (Factor) of Cascaded Amplifiers 2.15 Equivalent Noise Temperature 2.16 Addition of Noise Due to Several Sources 2.17 Addition of Noise in Amplifiers in Cascade 2.18 Noise in Reactive Circuits 2.19 Calculation of SNR and NF 2.20 Experimental Measurement of SNR and NF 2.21 Equivalent Noise Resistance and Noise Figure 2.22 Noise Bandwidth Summary 3. Amplitude Modulation (AM) 3.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 3.2 Expression for Amplitude Modulated Wave 3.3 Frequency Spectrum of A.M. Wave 3.4 Modulation Factor/Index (m) 3.5 Significance of (m) 3.6 Power Distribution In The A.M. Wave 3.7 Calculation for Current 3.8 Limitations of Amplitude Modulation Summary 4. Various AM (SSB) Techniques 4.1 Different Forms of Amplitude Modulation 4.2 Double Sideband with Full Carrier (DSBFC) 4.3 Double Sideband with Supressed Carrier (DSBSC) 4.4 Single Sideband Amplitude Modulation (SSB-AM) 4.5 Wave Shapes 4.6 Various Single Sideband (SSB AM) Techniques 4.7 Single Side Band with Supressed Carrier (SSBSC) 4.8 Single Side Band with Reduced Carrier (SSBRC) 4.9 Vestigial Single Sideband (VSB) System 4.10 Independent Sideband (ISB) Technique 4.11 SSB Signal Generation Or Supression of Unwanted Sideband 4.12 Filter Method 4.13 Phase Shift Method 4.14 Third (Weaver) Method Summary 5. AM Transmitters 5.1 Transmitters 5.2 Types of A.M. Transmitters 5.3 Negative Feedback in A.M. Transmitters 5.4 A.M. Modulators 5.5 Linear Modulators 5.6 Non-Linear (Square Law) Modulators 5.7 Types of Non Linear Modulators 5.8 Emitter Modulator 5.9 A.M. Modulator (Using Vacuum Triode) 5.10 A.M. Modulator (Using Transistor) 5.11 Block Diagram of A.M. Transmitter 5.12 A.M. Broadcasting Transmitter Summary 6. AM Detectors and Receivers 6.1 Demodulation or Detection 6.2 AM Detectors 6.3 Linear/Diode/Envelope Detectors 6.4 Synchronous/Square Law Detector 6.5 Distortions in Diode Detectors 6.6 Types of AM Receivers 6.7 Tuned Radio Frequency (T.R.F.) Receivers 6.8 Superheterodyne Receiver (Superhet) 6.9 Block Diagram of A Superheterodyne Receiver 6.10 Double Heterodyne Receiver 6.11 Advantages of Superheterodyne Receivers 6.12 AM Superheterodyne Receiver Using I.C. 6.13 AM Receiver Using PLL 6.14 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 6.15 Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) 6.16 Noise Limiter 6.17 General Qualities of Receivers Summary 7. Frequency Modulation (FM) 7.1 Frequency Modulation 7.2 Expression of FM Wave in Time Domain 7.3 Frequency Spectrum of FM Wave 7.4 Power of FM Wave 7.5 Transmission BW of FM Wave 7.6 Calculation of BW (Carson Rule) 7.7 Plotting Frequency Spectra 7.8 FM and the Noise 7.9 Amplitude Limiter in FM 7.10 Various FM (Amplitude) Limiter Circuits 7.11 Limiter/Limiting Action 7.12 Capture Effect/Co-Channel Interference in F.M. Limite 7.13 Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis 7.14 FM Versus AM Summary 8. FM Generation, Modulators and Transmitters 8.1 FM Generation 8.2 Direct Methods of FM Generation 8.3 Reactance Modulator 8.4 Varactor Diode Modulator 8.5 Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) Modulator 8.6 Stabilized Reactance Modulator 8.7 Limitations of Direct Methods 8.9 Armstrong Method: Principle 8.10 Frequency Stabilized Armstrong FM Modulator/Transmitter 8.11 RC Phase Shift Method 8.12 FM Transmitters 8.13 Direct FM Transmitters (Employing Reactance Method) 8.14 Indirect FM Transmitter Summary 9. FM Discriminators and Receivers 9.1 Demodulation (Detection) of FM Waves 9.2 Frequency Discriminators/Detectors 9.3 Slope Discriminator/Detector 9.4 Phase Difference Discriminators/Detectors 9.5 Other FM Detectors 9.6 FM Receivers Summary 10. Phase Modulation (PM) 10.1 Phase Modulation 10.2 Comparison of AM, FM and PM 10.3 Expression for PM Wave 10.4 Generation, Transmission and Reception of PM/FM Wave 10.5 Complete PM System 10.6 Generation of PM Signal from Frequency Modulator 10.7 Generation of FM Signal from Phase Modulator 10.8 FM vs PM Summary 11. More About Transmitters and Receivers 11.1 Basic Requirement of AM Transmitter: Flywheel Effect 11.2 Negative Feedback in AM Transmitters 11.3 AM vs FM Broadcasting 11.4 Frequency Drift 11.5 Frequency Stabilisation 11.6 Radio Telephone Transmitters 11.7 AM Radio Transmitter 11.8 Frequency Scintillation 11.9 Privacy Devices in Radio Telephony 11.10 Image Frequency Rejection 11.11 Tracking and Alignment of Receivers 11.12 Procedure for Tracking 11.13 Procedure for Alignment 11.14 Frequency Conversion/Mixing 11.15 Types of Mixing 11.16 Additive Mixing 11.17 Additive Mixers 11.18 Multiplicative Mixing 11.19 Multiplicative Mixer 11.20 RF Amplifiers (RFA) 11.21 Methods/Types of Neutralisation 11.22 Intermediate Frequency (IF) 11.23 IF Amplifier (IFA) 11.24 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 11.25 FM Channel Allocation 11.26 Stereo FM Transmitter and Receiver 11.27 SSB Receivers 11.28 General SSB Receiver 11.29 SSB Receiver with Squelch and BFO (Double Conversion System) 11.30 Types of SSB Receivers 11.31 Pilot Carrier SSB Demodulator/Receiver 11.32 Suppressed Carrier/ISB Receiver 11.33 Trans-Receiver for SSB Signals 11.34 Coherent and Non Coherent SSB Detection Summary 12. Analog Pulse Modulation 12.1 Pulse 12.2 Pulse Modulation 12.3 Quantizing/Quantization 12.4 Pulse Communication System 12.5 Concept of Sampling 12.6 Sampling Electronic Signals (or TDM) 12.7 Sampling Theorem for Low Pass Signals: Nyquist Theorem 12.8 Effects of Sampling Rate on A Frequency Spectrum 12.9 Sampling Techniques 12.10 Classification of Analog Pulse Modulation Systems 12.11 PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) 12.12 Pulse Time Modulation (PTM) 12.13 PWM (PDM Or PLM) 12.14 PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) Summary 13. Digital Pulse Modulation 13.1 Analog and Digital Signals 13.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Communication 13.3 Logic System 13.4 Principle of Digital Communication 13.5 Communication Speed 13.6 Quantizing 13.7 Quantizing Error 13.8 Types of Digital Pulse Modulations 13.9 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 13.10 Differencial PCM (DPCM) 13.11 Delta Modulation (DM) 13.12 Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) Summary 14. Digital Carrier Modulation 14.1 Digital Carrier Modulation 14.2 Power Spectral Density (PSD) 14.3 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK or BASK) 14.4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK/BFSK) 14.5 Phase Shift Keying (PSK/BPSK) 14.6 Types of PSKS 14.7 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) 14.8 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 14.9 Multiplexing 14.10 Transmission and Reception of TDM 14.11 Transmission and Reception of FDM 14.12 TDM vs FDM 14.13 TDM is Superior to FDM 14.14 How the Principle of TDM is Different to FDM? 14.15 Telephone Modulation System 14.16 Transmission Medium Characteristics for Digital Communication 14.17 Modulation used in Various Communications Summary 15. Antennas 15.1 Antenna 15.2 Antenna Reciprocity 15.3 Antenna as A Transmission Line 15.4 Evaluation of A Dipole–The Basic Antenna 15.5 Terms Related to Antennas 15.6 Omni Directional and Directional Antennas 15.7 Length of Antenna 15.8 Polarisation 15.9 How Does An Antenna Radiate Energy? 15.10 Skywave Communication 15.11 Types of Antennas 15.12 UHF and Micro Wave Antenn 15.13 Special Antennas Summary 16. Television – Monochrome (T.V.) 16.1 Television 16.2 TV Applications 16.3 Broadcasting, Transmission and Reception of Monochrome TV 16.4 TV Camera 16.5 Working Principle (Function) of Camera 16.6 Basic Construction of Camera 16.7 Resolution of a Camera 16.8 Persistence of Vision and Aspect Ratio 16.9 Various TV Cameras 16.10 Image Orithicon (I.O.) Camera 16.11 Vidicon Camera 16.12 Plumbicon Camera Tube 16.13 Human Eye 16.14 Accommodation Power of Human Eye 16.15 Comparison Between Human Eye and the Camera 16.16 Picture Tube 16.17 Monochrome (B & W) Picture Tube 16.18 Scanning 16.19 Scanning Frequencies 16.20 Retrace Time in Scanning 16.21 Number of Scanning Lines 16.22 Flicker in Scanning 16.23 Interlaced Scanning 16.24 Scanning Period 16.25 Actual Process of Interlaced Scanning 16.26 Synchronization and Blanking Pulses 16.27 Frequencies of Scanning, Synchronising and Blanking Pulses 16.28 Horizontal and Vertical Blanking 16.29 The TV Standards 16.30 Composite Video Signal 16.31 TV Signal Transmission 16.32 Preference of Modulation for Transmission 16.33 TV Transmiss 16.34 TV Receivers 16.35 Monochrome TV Receiver Summary 17. Colour Televisions 17.1 Colour Television 17.2 Primary, Secondary and Complementary Colours 17.3 Additive and Subtractive Mixing of Colours 17.4 Tristimulus Values 17.5 Trichromatic Values (Coefficients) and Colour Triangle 17.6 Colour Circle 17.7 Types of Colour Video Signals 17.8 Chrominance and Luminance Signals 17.9 Colour TV Receivers–Important Terms 17.10 Visibility Curve 17.11 Sub Carrier and Multiplexing 17.12 Compatibility 17.13 Popular TV Systems 17.14 NTSC System 17.15 The SECAM (Sequential) System 17.16 PAL System 17.17 Colour TV Camera 17.18 Colour Picture Tubes 17.19 Delta Gun Colour Picture lube 17.20 Colour Screens 17.21 Transmission (Broadcast) of Colour TV Signals 17.22 Reception of Colour TV Signals 17.23 Colour TV Receiver 17.24 Description of Important Circuits of Colour TV Receivers 17.25 Solid State Video Camera 17.26 Special TV 17.27 Projection TV 17.28 Closed Circuit TV 17.29 Flat Panel Television 17.30 Digital Television 17.31 Three Dimensional Television (3 DTV) 17.32 HDTV (High Definition Television) 17.33 LCD/LED TV 17.34 Plasma TV 17.35 LCD vs LED vs Plasma TVs 17.36 Satellite Television 17.37 Home Theatre TV System 17.38 TV Studio 17.39 Plan of a TV Studio Summary 18. Cable Television and DTH 18.1 Cable TV (CATV) 18.2 CATV Through Internet 18.3 DTH (Direct to Home) Service 18.4 Merits of DTH Communication Summary 19. Facsimile (FAX) 19.1 Facsimile (FAX) 19.2 FAX vs TV Transmission 19.3 Applications of FAX 19.4 Basic Fax System 19.5 Operation of Fax 19.6 Types of Fax Machines 19.7 Conversion of Optical Signal into Electrical Signal 19.8 Spot Lighting 19.9 Fax Transmitter 19.10 Scanning Spot 19.11 Fax Receiver 19.12 Synchronisation of The Signal Summary 20. Radar Systems 20.1 The Radar 20.2 Basic Principles of Radar 20.3 Frequencies and Powers Used in Radars 20.4 Measurement of Azimuth (Bearing or Position) and Range 20.5 Functions (Applications) of a Radar System 20.6 Antenna Scanning Patterns 20.7 Simple Radar System 20.8 Classification of Radars 20.9 Pulse Radar 20.10 MTI Radar 20.11 Beacon Radar (Responders) 20.12 CW Radars 20.13 Tracking Radar 20.14 Laser Radar 20.15 Radar Displays 20.16 Terms Related to Radar Systems Summary 21. Telegraphy 21.1 Telegraphy 21.2 Code 21.3 Morse Code 21.4 Five (5/7.5) Unit Code (Teleprinter Code) 21.5 ASKEE or ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code 21.6 Punched Paper Transmission 21.7 Ordinary Telegraphic System (Wire Telegraphy) 21.8 Telecommunication Lines 21.9 Carrier Telegraphic System (Wireless Telegraphy) 21.10 Picture Telegraphy 21.11 Telegraphy Systems 21.12 Duplex System 21.13 Teleprinter 21.14 Components of a Teleprinter 21.15 Block Diagram of a Teleprinter 21.16 Telegraphy Terms Summary 22. Telephony 22.1 Telephony 22.2 A Telephone Hand Set 22.3 Electronic Telephone 22.4 Telephone Exchange 22.5 Systems of Electronic Exchanges 22.6 Terms Related to Telephony 22.7 Telephone Modulation System 22.8 Telephone Lines and Cables 22.9 PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) 22.10 Components of a PLCC System Summary 23. Satellite Communication 23.1 Satellite Communication 23.2 Classification of Satellites 23.3 Communication Satellite Orbits 23.4 Terms Related to Satellite Communication 23.5 Antenna Beam Width and Size 23.6 Domsat 23.7 Intelsat 23.8 The Satellite Communication System 23.9 Earth Station 23.10 Satellite Station 23.11 Submarine Cable Communication 23.12 Hybrid Communicat Summary 24. Transmission Lines, Cables and Waveguides 24.1 Transmission Line, Cable and Waveguide 24.2 Transmission Lines 24.3 Special Transmission Lines (RF Lines) 24.4 Characteristic Impedance of A Transmission Line 24.5 The Requirements of Transmission Lines 24.6 Standing Waves 24.7 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) 24.8 Impedance Matching of Lines 24.9 Co-Axial Cables 24.10 Distortion less Condition in Cables 24.11 Waveguides 24.12 Shape of Waveguides 24.13 Types of Waveguid 24.14 Waveguide Modes 24.15 Propagation Modes in Wave Guides 24.16 Coupling a Waveguide with Co-axial Cable 24.17 Cavity Resonators Summary 25. Fibre Optic Communication 25.1 Advantages and Applications of Optical Fibre Communication 25.2 Basic Principles Involved in Optical Communication 25.3 Propagation Through Optical Fibre Cables 25.4 Basic Fibre Optic Communication System 25.5 The Optical Fibre 25.6 Types and Structure of Optical Fibres 25.7 Plastic Fibres 25.8 Fibre Materials 25.9 Fibre Bundles 25.10 Optic Fibre Cable (OFC) 25.11 Types of Fibre Cables 25.12 Special Fibre Optic Cables 25.13 Optical Fibre Cable vs Conventional Communication Systems 25.14 Losses in Fibre Cables 25.15 Submarine Optical Cables 25.16 Fibre Optical Sources 25.17 Operating Principle of LED and Laser diode 25.18 Description of Various LEDs 25.19 Description of Various Laser Diodes (LDs) 25.20 Modern Diode Lasers 25.21 Block Diagram of Fibre Optic Communicatio 25.22 Digital Transmission and Reception through Optical Cable 25.23 Various Digital Modulation Schemes Used in Optical Communication 25.24 Optical (Photo) Detectors 25.25 PIN Photodiode 25.26 Avalanche Photodiode (APD) 25.27 Optical Networks 25.28 Optical Fiber couplers 25.29 Optical Splitter 25.30 Wavelength Division Multiplexers and de Multiplexers 25.31 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDMUX) 25.32 Types of WDMUX/DEMUX 25.33 Optical Amplifiers 25.34 Semi Conductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) 25.35 Duped Fiber Amplifier (DFA) Summary 26. Propagation of Radio Waves 26.1 Electromagnetic Wave 26.2 Propagation of Radio Waves 26.3 Structure of Atmosphere 26.4 Terms Related to Propagation 26.5 Radio Waves 26.6 Modes of Propagation of Radio Waves 26.7 Fading Summary 27. Radio Navigation 27.1 Radio Navigation 27.2 Dead Reckoning Navigation and Inertial Navigation 27.3 Generalised Navigational System 27.4 Important Navigation Aids 27.5 Long Range Navigation (LORAN) 27.6 Visual Aural Range (VAR) System 27.7 Visual Omni Range (VOR) System 27.8 Radio Direction Finder (RDF) 27.9 Instrument Landing System (ILS) 27.10 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Summary 28. Consumer Communication 28.1 Principle of Wireless/Radio Telephony 28.2 Cordless Telephone 28.3 Pager/Radio Bell or Subscriber Radio 28.4 Mobile/Cellular Phone/Cell Phone 28.5 TV Remote Control 28.6 Video Phone 28.7 E-mail 28.8 Internet Summary Appendices
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