Modeling, Operation, and Analysis of DC Grids: From High Power DC Transmission to DC Microgrids
- Length: 388 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Academic Press
- Publication Date: 2021-07-20
- ISBN-10: 0128221011
- ISBN-13: 9780128221013
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Modeling, Operation, and Analysis of DC Grids presents a unified vision of direct current grids with their core analysis techniques, uniting power electronics, power systems, and multiple scales of applications. Part one presents high power applications such as HVDC transmission for wind energy, faults and protections in HVDC lines, stability analysis and inertia emulation. The second part addresses current applications in low voltage such as microgrids, power trains and aircraft applications. All chapters are self-contained with numerical and experimental analysis.
Contents List of contributors 1 Introduction 1.1 The battle of the currents 1.2 DC grids 1.3 Power electronics 1.4 High-power applications 1.5 Low-power applications References 2 HVDC transmission for wind energy 2.1 Wind energy 2.2 Slow-dynamics model of the wind turbine 2.3 HVDC transmission for wind farms 2.4 Stability of HVDC transmission lines 2.5 Summary References 3 DC faults in HVDC 3.1 Minimum requirements for the protection system of MTDC 3.2 Impact of DC faults in VSC 3.3 Analysis of the MTDC-HVDC during DC faults 3.3.1 Steady state in MTDC 3.3.2 Fault transient 3.3.3 Critical interruption time 3.3.4 Influence of the DC capacitor on the critical interruption time 3.3.5 Influence of the DC smoothing inductance on the critical interruption time 3.3.6 Influence of the short circuit ratio of the AC system 3.3.7 Influence of the fault resistance on the critical interruption time 3.3.8 Remark of the section 3.4 Detection and identification strategies in MTDC 3.4.1 Selectivity problem 3.4.2 Proposed detection and location methods for MTDC 3.4.2.1 Overcurrent protection and undervoltage DC voltage level protection 3.4.2.2 Differential current protection 3.4.2.3 Traveling waves 3.4.2.4 Based on rate of change 3.4.2.5 Other methods 3.5 Clearance strategies for MTDC 3.5.1 Protection system with AC breakers 3.5.2 Protection system with DC breakers 3.5.3 Protection system embedded on the power converter 3.6 HVDC circuit breakers 3.6.1 Mechanical HVDC circuit breakers 3.6.2 Solid-state HVDC circuit breakers 3.6.3 Hybrid HVDC circuit breaker 3.7 Fault current limiters 3.7.1 Inductors 3.7.2 Tuned LC circuit 3.7.3 Polymer PTC resistor-based FCL 3.7.4 Liquid metal FCL 3.7.5 Superconductive FCL References 4 Eigenvalue-based analysis of small-signal dynamics and stability in DC grids 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Introduction to state-space modeling of electrical systems 4.2.1 Nonlinear time-invariant state-space models 4.2.2 Time-invariant representation of three-phase electrical systems 4.2.3 Linearization 4.2.4 Eigenvalue-based analysis of small-signal dynamics 4.3 Synthesis of system-level state-space models of HVDC grids 4.3.1 Definition of interfaces between sub-systems 4.3.2 Generic definition of subsystem models 4.3.2.1 Definition of per-unit scaling and requirements for subsystem interconnection 4.3.2.2 Models of converter terminals 4.3.2.3 Cable models 4.3.2.4 Model of DC nodes 4.3.3 System model synthesis 4.3.3.1 Organization of system equations and reduction to state-space form 4.3.3.2 Calculation of steady-state operating point 4.3.3.3 Linearization and assembly of the small-signal model 4.3.3.4 Example of system-level small-signal state-space model 4.4 Examples of sub-system modeling 4.4.1 AC–DC converter terminals 4.4.1.1 Example of AC-power controlled HVDC terminal with two-level voltage source converter 4.4.1.2 Example of modular multilevel converter-based HVDC terminal 4.4.2 Modeling of long cables for analysis of HVDC grids 4.5 Practical considerations for modular and automated generation of system-level small-signal state-space models 4.5.1 Synthesis of state-space matrices for the system 4.5.2 Calculation of the steady-state operating point 4.5.3 Applied procedure for generating system-level state-space models in the presented framework for modular subsystem modeling 4.6 Example of small-signal analysis 4.6.1 Case description 4.6.2 Linearized state-space model 4.6.3 Small-signal stability analysis 4.6.4 Analysis of participation factors and system interaction 4.6.5 Analysis of parametric sensitivity 4.7 Conclusion References 5 Inertia emulation with HVDC transmission systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basis for a need of virtual inertia with VSC HVDC systems 5.3 VSC HVDC control approaches for inertia emulation 5.4 Fast frequency response service by VSC HVDC systems 5.4.1 Inertia emulation with offshore wind power plants 5.4.2 Inertia emulation using the capacitor of the HVDC VSC link 5.4.3 Frequency support through MTDC based in (RCH) 5.5 Summary Acknowledgment References 6 Real-time simulation of a transient model for HVDC cables in SOC-FPGA 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 What is a SoC-FPGA? 6.2 Frequency domain model formulation 6.3 Cable model with difference equations 6.4 VHDL conceptual design of the HVDC cable model 6.4.1 Floating to fixed point conversion and arithmetic 6.4.2 Blocks architecture of the HVDC cable with VHDL 6.4.3 Description of the blocks used in the HVDC cable 6.4.3.1 Delay feedback: delay component 6.4.3.2 Delay feed-forward: delay_1 component 6.4.3.3 Inner product: Producto_afloop component 6.4.3.4 Product vector and scalar: Producto_vecscalar component 6.4.3.5 Product vector and matrix: producto_vecmatr component 6.4.3.6 Sum: Suma component 6.4.3.7 Module ss_siso 6.5 Integration and development of the HVDC cable in VHDL 6.5.1 Model for the characteristic admittance 6.5.2 Model for the propagation function 6.5.3 Model for the half side cable 6.5.4 Cable full model 6.5.5 Communication of the cable with the software 6.6 Conclusions References 7 Probabilistic analysis in DC grids 7.1 Introduction 7.2 DC power grid model 7.3 Probabilistic power flow analysis in DC grids 7.3.1 Monte Carlo simulation 7.3.2 Point estimate methods 7.3.3 Data-driven approaches 7.4 Bayesian modeling of DC grids 7.4.1 Bayes theorem and its interpretation 7.4.2 Likelihood-based Bayesian modeling using Laplace approximation 7.4.3 Likelihood-free Bayesian modeling 7.5 Experimental validation 7.5.1 PPF analysis for DC microgrids 7.5.2 PPF analysis for an MT-HVDC grid 7.6 Conclusions References 8 Stationary-state analysis of low-voltage DC grids 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Modeling the grid 8.2.1 Exact nonlinear formulation 8.2.2 Linear successive approximations 8.2.2.1 Method based on Newton–Raphson formulation 8.2.2.2 First Taylor-based method: hyperbolic lineatization 8.2.2.3 Second Taylor-based method: product linearization 8.2.3 Convex reformulations 8.2.3.1 Semidefinite programming model 8.2.3.2 Second-order cone programming model 8.3 Results 8.4 Conclusions References 9 Stability analysis and hierarchical control of DC power networks 9.1 Literature review and scope of the chapter 9.1.1 Introduction 9.1.2 Contents of the chapter 9.2 Power system and control system overview 9.2.1 Microgrid description 9.2.2 Microgrid control system structure 9.2.3 Local and primary controllers 9.2.4 Secondary controller 9.2.5 Supervisor model predictive controller 9.3 Small-signal modeling of the DC microgrid 9.3.1 Model of the grid-connected VSC 9.3.2 Battery-system VSC 9.3.3 Railway and auxiliary-network VSCs 9.3.4 DC-capacitor modeling 9.3.5 Aggregated model of the DC microgrid 9.4 Case study and prototype description 9.5 Validation of the model predictive controller 9.5.1 Local, primary, and secondary controllers 9.5.2 Prediction horizon set to Np=24 hours 9.5.3 Prediction horizon set to Np=6 hours 9.5.4 Prediction horizon set to Np=3 hours 9.6 Validation of the small-signal modeling approach 9.6.1 Stability analysis of the DC microgrid 9.6.2 Experimental results 9.7 Conclusion References 10 Digital control strategies of DC–DC converters in automotive hybrid powertrains 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Analysis of the DC–DC power converters 10.2.1 Buck converter model 10.2.2 Boost converter model 10.3 Digital current control strategies 10.3.1 Average current control based on passivity 10.3.2 Discrete-time sliding-mode current control 10.3.3 Digital proportional-integral current control 10.3.4 Predictive digital current programmed control 10.4 Simulation results 10.4.1 Average current control based on passivity simulation results 10.4.2 Discrete-time sliding-mode current control simulation results 10.4.2.1 Double-loop DSMCC results 10.4.3 Digital proportional-integral current control simulation results 10.4.3.1 Double-loop PICC results 10.4.4 Predictive digital current programmed control results 10.5 Summary Acknowledgments References 11 Adaptive control for second-order DC–DC converters: PBC approach 11.1 Introduction 11.2 DC–DC converter modeling 11.2.1 Buck converter 11.2.2 Boost converter 11.2.3 Buck-boost converter 11.2.4 Noninverting buck-boost converter 11.3 Passivity-based control method 11.3.1 PI-PBC design 11.4 Control design for DC–DC converters 11.4.1 Adaptive control using I&I conductance estimator 11.5 Simulation results 11.5.1 Test system 11.5.2 Numerical validation 11.5.2.1 Buck converter 11.5.2.2 Boost converter 11.5.2.3 Buck-boost converter 11.5.2.4 Noninverting buck-boost converter 11.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 12 Advances in predictive control of DC microgrids 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Predictive control of DC microgrids 12.2.1 Primary control of DC microgrids 12.2.1.1 Finite control set model predictive control 12.2.1.2 Modulated model predictive control 12.2.1.3 Decentralized model predictive control 12.2.1.4 Hybrid finite control set model predictive control/deadbeat predictive control 12.2.2 Secondary control of DC microgrids 12.2.2.1 Model predictive-based self-adaptive inertia control 12.2.2.2 Centralized model predictive control 12.3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 13 Modeling and control of DC grids within more-electric aircraft 13.1 Introduction to more-electric aircraft 13.2 Modeling of aircraft EPS 13.2.1 Modeling paradigm 13.2.1.1 Multilevel modeling paradigm 13.2.1.2 Studies of functional models 13.2.2 Modeling of power generation system 13.2.2.1 Permanent magnet synchronous generators 13.2.2.2 AC/DC power converters 13.2.3 Energy storage system 13.2.3.1 Battery 13.2.3.2 Bidirectional DC/DC converter 13.2.4 DC link modeling 13.2.5 Load modeling 13.2.5.1 Environmental control system 13.2.5.2 Flight controls 13.2.5.3 Fuel pumps 13.2.5.4 Wing ice protection 13.2.5.5 General load model 13.3 Control development 13.3.1 Single PMSG control 13.3.1.1 Current control loop 13.3.1.2 DC link control and flux weakening control 13.3.2 ESS control 13.3.3 Power sharing control 13.3.3.1 Centralized control 13.3.3.2 Distributed control 13.3.3.3 Decentralized control Voltage-mode approach Current-mode approach 13.4 Summary References Index
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