Mine Design, Planning and Sustainable Exploitation in the Digital Age

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
1. Surface mining
	1.1. Introduction and relevant terminology
		1.1.1. Introduction
		1.1.2. Relevant mining terminology
	1.2. Strip mining and quarrying
		1.2.1. Typical preparation and layout
			1.2.1.1. Area mining
			1.2.1.2. Quarrying
			1.2.1.3. Contour mining
			1.2.1.4. Mountaintop mining
		1.2.2. Planning and operation
			1.2.2.1. Drilling and blasting
		1.2.3. Reclamation and rehabilitation
	1.3. Openpit mining
		1.3.1. Typical preparation and layout
			1.3.1.1. Overall wall slope angle design
			1.3.1.2. Bench height and angle design
			1.3.1.3. Roadway design
		1.3.2. Planning and operation
			1.3.2.1. Openpit planning
			1.3.2.2. Blasting
			1.3.2.3. Dust
			1.3.2.4. Stability monitoring
		1.3.3. Rehabilitation/reclamation
	1.4. Geotechnical design
		1.4.1. Typical preparation and layout
			1.4.1.1. Exploration
			1.4.1.2. The final pit design
		1.4.2. Geotechnical design processes
		1.4.3. Geotechnical models
			1.4.3.1. Experiential design
			1.4.3.2. Empirical design
			1.4.3.3. Mathematical design
			1.4.3.4. Computer design
		1.4.4. Geotechnical bench and slope design analysis techniques
		1.4.5. Slope monitoring
	References
2. Underground soft rock mining
	2.1. Introduction to soft rock mining
		2.1.1. Coal formation and geology
		2.1.2. Coal classification
			2.1.2.1. Peat
			2.1.2.2. Lignite
			2.1.2.3. Sub-bituminous and bituminous coal
			2.1.2.4. Anthracite
		2.1.3. Coal exploration
		2.1.4. Typical soft rock mining
	2.2. Basic coal (soft rock) mine design and planning
		2.2.1. Coal mine planning and design principles
		2.2.2. Coal mine rockmass classification
			2.2.2.1. Data collection for calculation of CMRR
			2.2.2.2. The CMRR calculation process
			2.2.2.3. Parameters involved in the calculation of CMRR
			2.2.2.4. Calculation of CMRR
		2.2.3. Coal mine planning
			2.2.3.1. The geological and resource model
			2.2.3.2. The planning (engineering) model
			2.2.3.3. The scheduling model
		2.2.4. Mine planning challenges
	2.3. Coal mine access and development
		2.3.1. Introduction to coal mine access
		2.3.2. Ramp (decline) access
		2.3.3. Vertical shaft access
			2.3.3.1. Shafts developed through overburden soil
			2.3.3.2. Shafts in rock
		2.3.4. Shallow shaft protection pillar design
		2.3.5. Main entry development
		2.3.6. Main access protection
	2.4. Room and pillar mine design
		2.4.1. Pillar design considerations
			2.4.1.1. Main uses for pillars
			2.4.1.2. Basic pillar design principles
			2.4.1.3. Pillar load
		2.4.2. Room and pillar panel design
			2.4.2.1. Tributary Area Theory
			2.4.2.2. Pillar strength
			2.4.2.3. Pillar factors of safety
		2.4.3. Barrier pillar design
	2.5. Longwall mining
		2.5.1. Longwall panel design
		2.5.2. Stresses around a longwall panel
		2.5.3. Longwall equipment
			2.5.3.1. The Armoured Face Conveyor
			2.5.3.2. The longwall plough (plow) and shearer
			2.5.3.3. The longwall shields
		2.5.4. Longwall entry (gate) design
			2.5.4.1. Chain pillar design
		2.5.5. The selection of design of longwall face supports
			2.5.5.1. Determination of size of the support
			2.5.5.2. Determination of roof loading on the support
			2.5.5.3. Floor pressure under the base plate of a longwall shield
		2.5.6. Longwall subsidence
			2.5.6.1. General overview of surface subsidence associated with longwall coal mining
			2.5.6.2. Estimating longwall surface subsidence
			2.5.6.3. The surface subsidence zone
			2.5.6.4. Some relevant definitions
			2.5.6.5. Sub-critical panel
			2.5.6.6. Critical panel
			2.5.6.7. Super-critical panel
			2.5.6.8. Sub-surface displacements and strains
	2.6. Specialized mining methods
		2.6.1. Coal mining with backfill
			2.6.1.1. Backfilling a room and pillar coal mine
			2.6.1.2. Backfilling a longwall coal mine
		2.6.2. Top coaling
		2.6.3. Ultra-high seams with single cut longwalling
		2.6.4. Multi-cut coal mining
			2.6.4.1. Descending slices
			2.6.4.2. Ascending slices
	2.7. Support design and application
		2.7.1. Coal entry and room support design
			2.7.1.1. Support challenges and requirements
			2.7.1.2. Support design methodologies
		2.7.2. Intersection support
		2.7.3. Types of coal entry support
		2.7.4. Longwall entry (gate) support
		2.7.5. Longwall shield support design
		2.7.6. Coal bump precautions
	2.8. Coal mine hazards, safety and risk
		2.8.1. Hazard identification and risk management
			2.8.1.1. Hazard identification
			2.8.1.2. Risk management in coal mines
		2.8.2. Coal mine safety training
		2.8.3. Coal mine hazard and safety monitoring
	2.9. Coal mine rehabilitation and reclamation
		2.9.1. Mine access closure
		2.9.2. Coal mine waste rehabilitation
			2.9.2.1. Avoiding coal mine waste
			2.9.2.2. Closure and remediation of coal mine waste
	2.10. Green mining developments
		2.10.1. Water conservation and subsidence control
			2.10.1.1. The effects of subsidence and the causal factors
			2.10.1.2. Subsidence prediction
			2.10.1.3. Coal mining subsidence
			2.10.1.4. Potential hydrologic impacts of underground mining
			2.10.1.5. Impacts of mining-induced subsidence on surface
		2.10.2. Repurposing coal and thermal waste
		2.10.3. Coal rockburst precursors, mitigation and control
			2.10.3.1. Factors that can cause coal bursts
			2.10.3.2. Coal burst precursors
			2.10.3.3. Coal burst mitigation and control
	References
3. Underground hard rock (metal/non-metal) mining
	3.1. Introduction to hard rock mining
		3.1.1. Typical hard rock geology
		3.1.2. Hard rock orebody formation and classification
			3.1.2.1. Igneous intrusions
			3.1.2.2. Sedimentary concentration by weathering and/or precipitation
			3.1.2.3. Sea water extraction
			3.1.2.4. Placer deposits (beaches and streams)
			3.1.2.5. Pegmatite deposits (igneous deposits caused by slow crystallization at high temperatures and pressures)
			3.1.2.6. Evaporite deposits
			3.1.2.7. Chemically deposited sedimentary deposits
			3.1.2.8. Other sedimentary deposits
			3.1.2.9. Volcanic deposits
			3.1.2.10. Metamorphic deposits
		3.1.3. Hard rock exploration
			3.1.3.1. Introduction to exploration
			3.1.3.2. The Stages of Exploration
			3.1.3.3. More details on exploration methods
			3.1.3.4. Diamond (core) drilling
			3.1.3.5. Rock sampling
		3.1.4. Hard rock exploitation
	3.2. Basic hard rock mine design and planning
		3.2.1. Hard rock mine design principles
			3.2.1.1. Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
			3.2.1.2. Q System
			3.2.1.3. Rock Mass Rating (RMR)
			3.2.1.4. Mine Rock Mass Rating (MRMR)
		3.2.2. The production cycle
		3.2.3. Hard rock mine planning
		3.2.4. Mine planning challenges and uncertainties
	3.3. Mine access and development
		3.3.1. Introduction to shaft and decline access
		3.3.2. Shafts, raises, adits and ore (rock) passes
			3.3.2.1. Shafts
			3.3.2.2. Raises
			3.3.2.3. Adits
		3.3.3. Main access development
		3.3.4. Main access protection
			3.3.4.1. Shaft protection in a massive orebody
			3.3.4.2. Shaft protection in a tabular orebody
	3.4. Mine method selection
		3.4.1. Mine design considerations and methodology
		3.4.2. Rockmass classification
		3.4.3. Basic mining method options
	3.5. Unsupported mining methods
		3.5.1. Longwall hard rock tabular mining (based largely on Spearing, 1995)
			3.5.1.1. Introduction
			3.5.1.2. A typical hard rock longwall mine
			3.5.1.3. The main hazards associated with hard rock longwall mining
		3.5.2. Sub-level caving
		3.5.3. Block caving (Cave Mining)
	3.6. Naturally supported mining methods
		3.6.1. Hard rock room and pillar mining
		3.6.2. Sub-level and open stoping (modified from Hamrin, 1982 & Queens University, 2011b)
	3.7. Artificially supported mining methods
		3.7.1. Drift and fill mining
		3.7.2. Cut and fill mining
			3.7.2.1. Overhand stoping
			3.7.2.2. Up-hole stoping
			3.7.2.3. In-front stoping
			3.7.2.4. Backfill
			3.7.2.5. Men and materials access way
		3.7.3. Undercut and fill mining
			3.7.3.1. The selection between cut and fill and undercut and fill and undercut and fill
		3.7.4. Shrinkage mining
		3.7.5. Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR)
	3.8. Drilling and blasting
		3.8.1. Introduction to blasting (www.science.jrank.org/pages/2634/ Explosives-History.html)
			3.8.1.1. The history of explosives
			3.8.1.2. Definition and components of an explosive
			3.8.1.3. How explosives work and rock fragmentation
		3.8.2. Optimizing blasting
			3.8.2.1. Blasting in coal mines (and other fiery mines)
			3.8.2.2. Blasting principles
			3.8.2.3. Explosive properties
		3.8.3. Drilling and blasting equipment
			3.8.3.1. Important requirements for rock drilling
			3.8.3.2. Types of rock drills commonly used
		3.8.4. Explosives and accessories
			3.8.4.1. Main underground explosive types
			3.8.4.2. Initiators and accessories
		3.8.5. Underground blasting
			3.8.5.1. Controlled blasting techniques
			3.8.5.2. Tunnel excavation by blasting
			3.8.5.3. The effect of high stresses on blast fracturing
		3.8.6. Blast monitoring
	3.9. Support design and application
		3.9.1. Hardrock support design
			3.9.1.1. The need for support and it’s functions
			3.9.1.2. Support design overview
			3.9.1.3. Design approaches
			3.9.1.4. A successful support design
		3.9.2. Rockbolts and cable bolts
			3.9.2.1. Mechanical expansion shell
			3.9.2.2. Deformed bar/rebar/ripple bar
			3.9.2.3. Friction bolts (split sets)
			3.9.2.4. Swellex bolts (Atlas Copco)
			3.9.2.5. Resin-grouted bolts
			3.9.2.6. Cable bolts
		3.9.3. Specialized support
			3.9.3.1. Yielding rockbolts
			3.9.3.2. Self-drilling anchors
			3.9.3.3. Spiling bolts
		3.9.4. Shotcrete
			3.9.4.1. Shotcrete history
			3.9.4.2. The dry shotcrete machine and process
			3.9.4.3. The wet shotcrete process and pump
			3.9.4.4. Selecting the optimum shotcrete process for the specific application
			3.9.4.5. Admixture use
			3.9.4.6. Shotcrete nozzles
			3.9.4.7. Shotcrete production (in batch plants)
			3.9.4.8. Shotcrete transportation from plant to application site
			3.9.4.9. Shotcrete costs
		3.9.5. Backfill
			3.9.5.1. Introduction to backfilling
			3.9.5.2. Mining methods using backfill
			3.9.5.3. Backfill transportation and design
			3.9.5.4. Backfill criteria
			3.9.5.5. Backfill placement
	References
4. Green and Sustainable Mining
	4.1. Green mining
		4.1.1. The continued need for mining
		4.1.2. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
		4.1.3. The need for green mining
		4.1.4. The concepts of green mining
		4.1.5. The Fourth Industrial Revolution and its impact on mining
	4.2. The circular mining economy
		4.2.1. The current mining industry and the need for change
		4.2.2. The need for a circular mining economy
		4.2.3. Achieving a circular economy
		4.2.4. The challenges to creating a circular mining economy
	4.3. Sustainable development of minerals
		4.3.1. Concepts and key factors
		4.3.2. Environmental impact assessments
			4.3.2.1. Introduction
			4.3.2.2. The impact of mining
		4.3.3. Mining sustainability and community relations
			4.3.3.1. Mining sustainability
			4.3.3.2. Community relations
		4.3.4. Social license to operate
	4.4. Mine waste disposal and repurposing
		4.4.1. Waste dam design and disposal
			4.4.1.1. Introduction
			4.4.1.2. Engineering considerations for tailings dam design
			4.4.1.3. Conventional dam construction methods
		4.4.2. Waste dam operation and monitoring
			4.4.2.1. Dam operation
			4.4.2.2. Main causes for tailings dam failures
			4.4.2.3. Tailings dam monitoring
		4.4.3. Tailings dam safety, design and operation in the future
			4.4.3.1. Tailings major hazards
			4.4.3.2. Tailings dam future operations
		4.4.4. Waste dam rehabilitation
		4.4.5. Repurposing options and utilization
		4.4.6. Challenges to repurpose tailings cost effectively
	4.5. Urban mining
		4.5.1. Introduction to urban mining
		4.5.2. Waste suitability for urban mining
			4.5.2.1. Plastics, paper and glass
			4.5.2.2. Building and construction debris
			4.5.2.3. Electronic waste
			4.5.2.4. Battery waste
		4.5.3. Challenges to growing urban mining
	4.6. Mining risk and risk management
		4.6.1. Introduction to Risk
		4.6.2. Mining hazards
			4.6.2.1. Surface mining hazards
			4.6.2.2. Underground mining hazards
			4.6.2.3. Tolerable risk
			4.6.2.4. Overcoming the fear of change
			4.6.2.5. Identifying risks
		4.6.3. Risk management
			4.6.3.1. Managing risk
			4.6.3.2. Risky behaviour
			4.6.3.3. Managing risk
		4.6.4. Future mining technologies
			4.6.4.1. Introduction
			4.6.4.2. A major mining company’s vision
			4.6.4.3. Space mining
	4.7. Mining valuation and financing
		4.7.1. Mineral resources
		4.7.2. Mineral reserves
			4.7.2.1. Resource and reserve reporting
		4.7.3. Mineral economics
			4.7.3.1. Mineral property valuations
			4.7.3.2. Cost approach and associated methodologies
			4.7.3.3. Market approach and associated methodologies
			4.7.3.4. Income approach and associated methodologies
		4.7.4. The time value of money
		4.7.5. Market risk (B)
		4.7.6. Country or sovereign risk
		4.7.7. Project risk
		4.7.8. Valuing shares (scrip)
		4.7.9. Mining financing options
		4.7.10. Equity
		4.7.11. Debt
	References
Index