Master Handbook of Acoustics, 7th Edition
- Length: 656 pages
- Edition: 7
- Language: English
- Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education TAB
- Publication Date: 2021-09-09
- ISBN-10: 1260473597
- ISBN-13: 9781260473599
- Sales Rank: #141942 (See Top 100 Books)
The industry standard guide to room acoustics―fully updated with the latest advances
Based on the classic text written by acoustics pioneer F. Alton Everest, this revised resource presents the fundamentals of acoustics along with time-tested solutions and detailed room designs. Master Handbook of Acoustics, Seventh Edition explains the art and science of room acoustics and architecture by combining theoretical instruction with matter-of-fact engineering advice. The numerous room designs inside―complete with floor and elevation plans and performance analyses―can be built as presented or adapted to meet specific needs. You will get designs new to this edition, including video teleconferencing rooms and voice studios, as well as new details on listening room and recording studio construction.
Inside, you’ll discover how to:
- Control and utilize sound reflection, absorption, diffraction, and diffusion
- Calculate room reflections, reverberation times, and modal resonances
- Perform acoustical measurements and site surveys and choose construction materials
- Install modules to optimize early reflections, reverberation, and diffusion
- Design and construct home theaters, project studios, control rooms, recording studios, and other acoustically sensitive spaces
- Reduce HVAC noise levels and achieve excellent sound isolation with proven wall, window, and door designs
- Analyze the acoustics of concert halls, auditoriums, and places of worship
- Incorporate psychoacoustics in your designs to optimize room performance
- Understand the operation of room acoustics modeling software
- Utilize the supplied cost-effective plans and specifications for a variety of listening and recording rooms
Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Introduction 1 Fundamentals of Sound Simple Harmonic Motion and the Sine Wave Sound in Media Particle Motion Propagation of Sound Speed of Sound Wavelength and Frequency Complex Waveforms Harmonics Phase Partials Octaves Spectrum Key Points 2 Sound Levels and the Decibel Ratios versus Differences Expressing Numbers Logarithms Decibels Reference Levels Logarithmic and Exponential Forms Compared Acoustic Power Using Decibels Measuring Sound-Pressure Level Sine-Wave Measurements Electrical, Mechanical, and Acoustical Analogs Key Points 3 Sound in the Free Field The Free Field Sound Divergence Sound Intensity in the Free Field Sound Pressure in the Free Field Free-Field Sound Divergence Sound Fields in Enclosed Spaces Hemispherical Field and Propagation Key Points 4 The Perception of Sound Sensitivity of the Ear Ear Anatomy The Outer Ear—Pinna A Demonstration of Directional Cues The Outer Ear—Auditory Canal The Middle Ear The Inner Ear Stereocilia Loudness versus Frequency Loudness Control Area of Audibility Loudness versus Sound-Pressure Level Loudness and Bandwidth Loudness of Impulses Audibility of Loudness Changes Pitch versus Frequency An Experiment in Pitch The Missing Fundamental Timbre versus Spectrum Localization of Sound Sources Binaural Localization Law of the First Wavefront The Franssen Effect The Precedence (Haas) Effect Perception of Reflected Sound The Cocktail-Party Effect Aural Nonlinearity Subjective versus Objective Evaluation Occupational and Recreational Hearing Loss Key Points 5 Signals, Speech, Music, and Noise Sound Spectrograph Speech Vocal Tract Molding of Speech Formation of Voiced Sounds Formation of Unvoiced Sounds Frequency Response of Speech Directionality of Speech Music String Instruments Wind Instruments Nonharmonic Overtones Dynamic Range of Speech and Music Power in Speech and Music Frequency Range of Speech and Music Auditory Area of Speech and Music Noise Noise Measurements Random Noise White and Pink Noise Signal Distortion Harmonic Distortion Resonance Audio Filters Key Points 6 Reflection Specular Reflections Flutter Echoes Doubling of Pressure at Reflection Reflections from Convex Surfaces Reflections from Concave Surfaces Reflections from Parabolic Surfaces Whispering Galleries Standing Waves Corner Reflectors Mean Free Path Perception of Sound Reflections The Effect of Single Reflections Perception of Spaciousness, Images, and Echoes Effect of Angle of Incidence, Signal Type, and Spectrum on Audibility of Reflection Key Points 7 Diffraction Diffraction and Wavefront Propagation Diffraction and Wavelength Diffraction by Obstacles Diffraction by Apertures Diffraction by a Slit Diffraction by a Zone Plate Diffraction around the Human Head Diffraction by Loudspeaker Cabinet Edges Diffraction by Various Objects Key Points 8 Refraction The Nature of Refraction Refraction in Solids Refraction in the Atmosphere Refraction in Enclosed Spaces Refraction in the Ocean Key Points 9 Diffusion The Perfectly Diffuse Sound Field Evaluating Diffusion in a Room Steady-State Measurements Decay Beats Exponential Decay Spatial Uniformity of Reverberation Time Geometrical Irregularities Absorbent in Patches Concave Surfaces Convex Surfaces: The Polycylindrical Diffuser Plane Surfaces Key Points 10 Comb-Filter Effects Comb Filters Superposition of Sound Tonal Signals and Comb Filters Comb Filtering of Music and Speech Signals Comb Filtering of Direct and Reflected Sound Comb Filters and Critical Bands Comb Filters in Multichannel Playback Controlling Comb Filtering Reflections and Spaciousness Comb Filters in Microphone Placement Comb-Filter Effects in Practice: Six Examples Estimating Comb-Filter Response Key Points 11 Reverberation Growth of Sound in a Room Decay of Sound in a Room Idealized Growth and Decay of Sound Calculating Reverberation Time Sabine Equation Eyring-Norris Equation Air Absorption Measuring Reverberation Time Impulse Sources Steady-State Sources Measuring Equipment Measurement Procedure Reverberation and Normal Modes Analysis of Decay Traces Mode Decay Variations Frequency Effect Reverberation Characteristic Reverberation Time Variation with Position Decay Rate and the Reverberant Field Acoustically Coupled Spaces Electroacoustically Coupled Spaces Eliminating Decay Fluctuations Influence of Reverberation on Speech Influence of Reverberation on Music Optimum Reverberation Time Bass Rise of Reverberation Time Initial Time-Delay Gap Listening Room Reverberation Time Artificial Reverberation Examples of Reverberation Time Calculations Key Points 12 Absorption Dissipation of Sound Energy Absorption Coefficients Reverberation Chamber Method Impedance Tube Method Tone-Burst Method Mounting of Absorbents Mid/High-Frequency Absorption by Porosity Glass-Fiber Low-Density Materials Glass-Fiber High-Density Boards Glass-Fiber Acoustical Tile Effect of Thickness of Absorbent Effect of Airspace behind Absorbent Effect of Density of Absorbent Open-Cell Foams Drapes as Sound Absorbers Carpet as Sound Absorber Effect of Carpet Type on Absorbance Effect of Carpet Underlay on Absorbance Carpet Absorption Coefficients Sound Absorption by People Sound Absorption in Air Panel (Diaphragmatic) Absorbers Polycylindrical Absorbers Polycylindrical Absorber Construction Bass Traps: Low-Frequency Absorption by Resonance Helmholtz (Volume) Resonators Perforated Panel Absorbers Slat Absorbers Placement of Materials Reverberation Time of Helmholtz Resonators Reducing Room Modes with Absorbers Increasing Reverberation Time Absorption Module Design Key Points 13 Modal Resonances Early Experiments and Examples Resonance in a Pipe Indoor Reflections Two-Wall Resonance Frequency Regions Room-Mode Equation Mode Calculations—An Example Experimental Verification Mode Decay Mode Bandwidth Mode Pressure Plots Mode Density Mode Spacing and Timbral Defects Audibility of Timbral Defects Optimal Room Proportions Bonello Criterion Splaying Room Surfaces Nonrectangular Rooms Controlling Problem Modes Simplified Axial-Mode Analysis Key Points 14 Schroeder Diffusers Experimentation Reflection Phase-Grating Diffusers Quadratic Residue Diffusers Primitive Root Diffusers Performance of Diffraction-Grating Diffusers Reflection Phase-Grating Diffuser Applications Flutter Echo Application of Fractals Diffusion in Three Dimensions Diffusing Concrete Blocks Measuring Diffusion Efficiency Comparison of Gratings with Conventional Approaches Key Points 15 Adjustable Acoustics Draperies Portable Absorptive Panels Hinged Panels Louvered Panels Absorptive/Diffusive Adjustable Panels Variable Resonant Devices Rotating Elements Modular Low-Frequency Absorptive Devices Key Points 16 Sound Isolation and Site Selection Propagation through Barriers Approaches to Noise Control Airborne Noise Transmission Loss Effect of Mass and Frequency Coincidence Effect Separation of Mass Porous Materials Sound Transmission Class Structureborne Noise Noise Transmitted by Diaphragmatic Action Noise and Room Resonances Site Selection The Noise Survey Assessment of Environmental Noise Measurement and Testing Standards Recommended Practices Noise Measurements and Construction Floor Plan Considerations Designing within a Frame Structure Designing within a Concrete Structure Key Points 17 Sound Isolation: Walls, Floors, and Ceilings Walls as Effective Noise Barriers The Role of Porous Absorbers The Mass Law and Wall Design Separation of Mass in Wall Design Wall Design Summary Improving an Existing Wall Flanking Sound Gypsum Board Walls as Sound Barriers Masonry Walls as Sound Barriers Weak Links Summary of Wall STC Ratings Floating Floors Floating Walls and Ceilings Resilient Hangers Floor/Ceiling Construction Case Study of Footfall Noise Floor/Ceiling Structures and Their IIC Performance Floor/Ceilings in Frame Buildings Floor Attenuation with Concrete Layers Plywood Web versus Solid Wood Joists Key Points 18 Sound Isolation: Windows and Doors Single-Pane Windows Double-Pane Windows Acoustical Holes in Glass: Mass-Air-Mass Resonance Acoustical Holes in Glass: Coincidence Resonance Acoustical Holes in Glass: Standing Waves in the Cavity Glass Mass and Spacing Dissimilar Panes Laminated Glass Plastic Panes Slanting the Glass Third Pane Cavity Absorbent Thermal Glass Example of an Optimized Double-Pane Window Construction of an Observation Window Proprietary Observation Windows Sound-Isolating Doors Sound Locks Composite Partitions Key Points 19 Noise Control in Ventilating Systems Selection of Noise Criteria Fan Noise Machinery Noise and Vibration Air Velocity Natural Attenuation Duct Lining Plenum Silencers Proprietary Attenuators Reactive Silencers Tuned Silencers Duct Location ASHRAE Active Noise Control Key Points 20 Acoustics of Listening Rooms and Home Theaters Playback Criteria Planning the Playback Room Acoustical Treatment of Playback Rooms Peculiarities of Small-Room Acoustics Room Size and Proportion Reverberation Time Low-Frequency Considerations Modal Anomalies Control of Modal Resonances Bass Traps for Playback Rooms Mid/High-Frequency Considerations Identification and Treatment of Reflection Points Lateral Reflections and Control of Spaciousness Loudspeaker Placement Listening Room Plan Home-Theater Plan Controlling Early Reflections Other Treatment Details Key Points 21 Acoustics of Home Studios Home Acoustics: Modes Home Acoustics: Reverberation Home Acoustics: Noise Control Home Studio Budget Home Studio Treatment Home Studio Plan Recording in the Home Studio Garage Studio Key Points 22 Acoustics of Small Recording Studios Ambient Noise Requirements Acoustical Characteristics of Small Studios Direct and Indirect Sound Role of Room Treatment Room Modes and Room Volume Mode Analysis for Different Room Sizes Reverberation Time Reverberation in Small Rooms Optimal Reverberation Time Diffusion Noise Small Studio Design Example Absorption Design Goal Proposed Room Treatment Key Points 23 Acoustics of Large Recording Studios Design Criteria of a Large Studio Floor Plan Wall Sections Section D-D Section E-E Sections F-F and G-G Studio Treatment Drum Booth Vocal Booth Sound-Lock Corridor Reverberation Time Key Points 24 Acoustics of Control Rooms Initial Time-Delay Gap Live End–Dead End Specular Reflections versus Diffusion Low-Frequency Resonances in Control Rooms Initial Time-Delay Gaps in Practice Loudspeaker Placement, Reflection Paths, and Near-Field Monitoring The Reflection-Free-Zone Control Room Control-Room Frequency Range Outer Shell and Inner Shell of the Control Room Design Criteria of a Control Room Design Example 1: Control Room with Rectangular Walls Design Example 2: Double-Shell Control Room with Splayed Walls Design Example 3: Single-Shell Control Room with Splayed Walls Key Points 25 Acoustics of Isolation Booths Applications Design Criteria Isolation Requirements The Small-Room Problem Design Example 1: Traditional Isolation Booth Axial Modes Reverberation Time Design Example 2: Isolation Booth with Cylindrical Traps Acoustical Measurements Reverberation Time Design Example 3: Isolation Booth with Diffusers Reverberation Time Evaluation and Comparison Live End–Dead End Isolation Booth Key Points 26 Acoustics of Audiovisual Postproduction Rooms Design Criteria Design Example 1: Small Postproduction Room Appraisal of Room Resonances Proposed Treatment Design Example 2: Large Postproduction Room Appraisal of Room Resonances Monitor Loudspeakers and Early Sound Late Sound Proposed Treatment Workbench Mixing Engineer’s Workstation Video Display and Lighting Key Points 27 Acoustics of Teleconference Rooms Design Criteria Shape and Size of the Room Floor Plan Ceiling Plan Elevation Views Reverberation Time Key Points 28 Acoustics of Large Halls Design Criteria Reverberation and Echo Control Air Absorption Hall Design for Speech Volume Hall Geometry Absorption Treatment Ceiling, Walls, and Floor Speech Intelligibility Speech Frequencies and Duration Subject-Based Measures Analytical Measures Concert Hall Acoustical Design Reverberation Clarity Brilliance Gain Seating Capacity Volume Diffusion Spaciousness Apparent Source Width Initial Time-Delay Gap Bass Ratio and Warmth Concert Hall Architectural Design Balcony Ceiling and Walls Raked Floor Virtual Image Source Analysis Hall Design Procedure Case Studies Postscript Key Points A Overview of TDS and MLS Analysis B Room Auralization C Selected Absorption Coefficients Bibliography Glossary Index
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