Magnetic Sensors and Magnetometers, 2nd Edition
- Length: 417 pages
- Edition: 2
- Language: English
- Publisher: Artech House Publishers
- Publication Date: 2021-08-13
- ISBN-10: 1630817422
- ISBN-13: 9781630817428
- Sales Rank: #1076682 (See Top 100 Books)
This completely updated second edition of an Artech House classic covers industrial applications and space and biomedical applications of magnetic sensors and magnetometers. With the advancement of smart grids, renewable energy resources, and electric vehicles, the importance of electric current sensors increased, and the book has been updated to reflect these changes. Integrated fluxgate single-chip magnetometers are presented. GMR sensors in the automotive market, especially for end-of-shaft angular sensors, are included, as well as Linear TMR sensors. Vertical Hall sensors and sensors with integrated ferromagnetic concentrators are two competing technologies, which both brought 3-axial single-chip Hall ICs, are considered. Digital fluxgate magnetometers for both satellite and ground-based applications are discussed. All-optical resonant magnetometes, based on the Coherent Population Trapping effect, has reached approval in space, and is covered in this new edition of the book. Whether you’re an expert or new to the field, this unique resource offers you a thorough overview of the principles and design of magnetic sensors and magnetometers, as well as guidance in applying specific devices in the real world. The book covers both multi-channel and gradiometric magnetometer systems, special problems such as cross-talk and crossfield sensitivity, and comparisons between different sensors and magnetometers with respect to various application areas. Miniaturization and the use of new materials in magnetic sensors are also discussed. A comprehensive list of references to journal articles, books, proceedings and webpages helps you find additional information quickly.
Magnetic Sensorsand Magnetometers Second Edition Contents Preface to the First Edition References Preface to the Second Edition Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Basics 1.1 Magnetic Units and Basic Rules 1.1.1 Basic Laws 1.1.2 Magnetic Field and Matter 1.1.3 Magnetic Circuits 1.2 Magnetic States of Matter 1.2.1 Diamagnetism and Superconductivity 1.2.2 Paramagnetism 1.2.3 Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, and Ferrimagnetism 1.2.4 Superparamagnetism 1.3 Magnetic Anisotropy 1.3.1 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy 1.3.2 Shape Anisotropy and Demagnetization 1.3.3 Induced Anisotropy 1.3.4 Anisotropy in Magnetic Wires 1.4 Magnetostriction 1.5 Domain Structure 1.6 Magnetization Process 1.6.1 Magnetization Curve 1.7 Magnetic Materials 1.7.1 Soft Magnetic Materials 1.7.2 Hard Magnetic Materials 1.8 Sensor Specifications 1.8.1 Full-Scale Range, Linearity, Hysteresis, and Temperature Coefficient of Sensitivity 1.8.2 Offset, Offset Temperature Coefficient, and Long-Term Stability 1.8.3 Perming 1.8.4 Noise 1.8.5 Resistance Against Environment (Temperature, Humidity, and Vibrations) 1.8.6 Resistance Against Perpendicular Field and Field Gradient 1.8.7 Bandwidth 1.8.8 Other (Power, Radiation Immunity, and Cost) References Chapter 2 Induction Sensors 2.1 Air Coils 2.1.1 Voltage Sensitivity at Low Frequencies 2.1.2 Thermal Noise 2.1.3 The Influence of the Parasitic Capacitances 2.1.4 Current-Output (Short-Circuited Mode) 2.2 Search Coils with a Ferromagnetic Core 2.2.1 Voltage Output Sensitivity 2.2.2 Thermal Noise of the Cored Induction Sensor (Voltage Output) 2.2.3 The Equivalent Circuit for Cored Coils 2.2.4 Cored Coils with Current Output 2.3 Noise Matching to an Amplifier 2.4 Design Examples 2.5 Other Measuring Coils 2.5.1 Rotating Coil Magnetometers 2.5.2 Moving Coils: Extraction Method 2.5.3 Vibrating Coils 2.5.4 Coils for Measurement of H 2.5.5 The Rogowski-Chattock Potentiometer References Chapter 3 Fluxgate Sensors 3.1 Orthogonal-Type Fluxgates 3.2 Core Shapes of Parallel-Type Fluxgates 3.2.1 Single-Rod Sensors 3.2.2 Double-Rod Sensors 3.2.3 Ring-Core Sensors 3.2.4 Racetrack Sensors 3.3 Theory of Fluxgate Operation 3.3.1 The Effect of Demagnetization 3.4 Core Materials 3.5 Principles of Fluxgate Magnetometers 3.5.1 Second-Harmonic Analog Magnetometer 3.5.2 Digital Magnetometers 3.5.3 Nonselective Detection Methods 3.5.4 Auto-Oscillation Magnetometers 3.6 Excitation 3.7 Tuning the Output Voltage 3.8 Current-Output (or Short-Circuited) Fluxgate 3.8.1 Broadband Current-Output 3.8.2 Tuning the Short-Circuited Fluxgate 3.9 Noise and Offset Stability 3.9.1 Zero Offset 3.9.2 Offset from the Magnetometer Electronics 3.9.3 Other Magnetometer Offset Sources 3.10 Crossfield Effect 3.11 Designs of Fluxgate Magnetometers 3.11.1 Portable and Low-Power Instruments 3.11.2 Station Magnetometers 3.12 Miniature Fluxgates 3.12.1 Miniature Wire-Wound Sensors 3.12.2 Devices with Flat Coil (CMOS or Other Technologies) 3.12.3 PCB-Based Sensors with Solenoid Coils Made of Tracks and Vias 3.12.4 Sensors with Microfabricated Solenoids 3.13 AC Fluxgates 3.14 Multi-Axis Magnetometers 3.14.1 Three-Axial Compensation Systems 3.14.2 Individually Compensated Sensors 3.15 Fluxgate Gradiometers References Chapter 4 Ferromagnetic Magnetoresistive Sensors 4.1 AMR Sensors 4.1.1 Magnetoresistance and Planar Hall Effect 4.1.2 Magnetoresistive Films 4.1.3 Linearization and Stabilization 4.1.4 Sensor Layout 4.1.5 Crossfield Sensitivity of the AMR Sensor 4.1.6 AMR Magnetometers 4.2 GMR and TMR (SDT) Sensors 4.2.1 GMR Effect Basics 4.2.2 Tunnel Magnetoresistance (Spin-Dependent Tunneling) 4.2.3 GMR/TMR Sensor Design 4.2.4 Magnetoresistance Sensor Applications 4.3 Operating Parameters of Magnetoresistive Sensors 4.3.1 Noise 4.3.2 Field Range and Linearity 4.3.3 Offset, Offset Drift, and Hysteresis References Chapter 5 Hall-Effect Magnetic Sensors 5.1 Basics of the Hall Effect and Hall Devices 5.1.1 The Hall Effect 5.1.2 Structure and Geometry of a Hall Device 5.1.3 Main Characteristics of Hall Magnetic Field Sensors 5.1.4 Other Problems 5.2 High Electron Mobility Thin-Film Hall Elements 5.2.1 InSb Hall Elements 5.2.2 InAs Thin-Film Hall Elements by MBE 5.2.3 Deep Quantum Wells (DQW) and Application to Hall Elements 5.2.4 GaAs Hall Elements 5.3 Integrated Hall Sensors 5.3.1 Historical Perspective 5.3.2 CMOS Hall Elements 5.3.3 Hall Offsets 5.3.4 Excitation 5.3.5 Amplification 5.3.6 Geometry Considerations 5.3.7 Vertical Hall Elements 5.3.8 Packaging for Integrated Hall Sensors 5.3.9 Applications and Trends 5.4 Nonplate-Like Hall Magnetic Sensors 5.4.1 The Vertical Hall Device 5.4.2 Two-Axis Vertical Hall Device 5.4.3 Three-Axis Hall Devices 5.5 Hall Devices with Integrated Magnetic Concentrators (IMCs) 5.5.1 Rotary Sensor with IMC 5.5.2 3-Axis Sensor with IMC 5.5.3 Integrated Current Sensor [55] 5.5.4 Stray-Field Robust Gradiometric Sensors [56] 5.5.5 IMC Technology References Chapter 6 Resonance Magnetometers 6.1 Introduction to Magnetic Resonance 6.1.1 Historical Overview 6.1.2 Absolute Reproducibility of Magnetic Field Measurements 6.2 Proton Precession Magnetometers 6.2.1 The Mechanical Gyroscope 6.2.2 The Classic Proton-Free Precession Magnetometer 6.2.3 Overhauser Effect Proton Magnetometers 6.3 Optically Pumped Magnetometers 6.3.1 Alkali Metal Vapor Magnetometers 6.3.2 The Metastable He4 Magnetometer References Chapter 7 SQUID 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Superconductivity 7.1.2 Meissner Effect 7.1.3 Flux Quantization 7.1.4 The Josephson Effect 7.1.5 SQUIDs 7.2 SQUID Sensors 7.2.1 Materials 7.3 SQUID Operation 7.3.1 The RF SQUID 7.3.2 The DC SQUID 7.3.3 SQIFs 7.3.4 Fractional-Turn SQUIDs 7.3.5 The Bi-SQUID 7.4 Noise and Sensitivity 7.4.1 White Noise 7.4.2 Temperature Dependence 7.4.3 Field Dependence 7.4.4 1/f Noise 7.5 Control Electronics 7.6 Limitations on SQUID Technology 7.7 Input Circuits 7.7.1 Packaging 7.7.2 The SQUID as a Black Box 7.7.3 Sensitivity 7.7.4 Detection Coils 7.7.5 Gradiometers 7.7.6 Electronic Noise Cancellation 7.8 Refrigeration 7.8.1 Dewars 7.8.2 Closed Cycle Refrigeration 7.9 Environmental Noise (Noise Reduction) 7.9.1 Gradiometers for Noise Reduction 7.9.2 Magnetic Shielding 7.10 Applications 7.10.1 Laboratory Applications 7.10.2 Cryogenic Current Comparators (CCC) 7.10.3 Geophysical Applications 7.10.4 Nondestructive Test and Evaluation 7.10.5 Medical Applications of SQUIDs References Chapter 8 Magneto-Optical Sensors and Other Principles 8.1 Magneto-Optical Sensors 8.1.1 Faraday Effect and Optical Sensors of the Magnetic Field 8.1.2 Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect and Observation of Domains 8.2 Magnetoimpedance and Magnetoinductance 8.2.1 Principle 8.2.2 Materials 8.2.3 Sensors 8.3 Magnetoelastic Field Sensors 8.3.1 Fiber-Optic Magnetostriction Field Sensors 8.3.2 Magnetostrictive-Piezoelectric (Magnetoelectric) Sensors 8.3.3 Shear-Wave Magnetometers 8.4 Lorentz Force Magnetometers 8.5 Biological Sensors 8.5.1 Magnetotactic Bacteria 8.5.2 Magnetic Orientation in Birds References Chapter 9 Applications of Magnetic Field Sensors and Magnetometers 9.1 Biomagnetic Measurements 9.2 Navigation 9.3 Military and Security 9.3.1 Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) 9.3.2 Target Detection and Tracking 9.3.3 Antitheft Systems 9.4 Automotive 9.5 Nondestructive Testing 9.6 Magnetic Marking and Labeling 9.7 Geomagnetic Measurements: Mineral Prospecting, Object Location, and Variation Stations 9.8 Space Research 9.8.1 Deep-Space and Planetary Magnetometry 9.8.2 Space Magnetic Instrumentation 9.8.3 Measurement of Magnetic Fields Onboard Spacecraft References Chapter 10 Testing and Calibration Instruments 10.1 Calibration Coils 10.1.1 Coils as Sources of the Magnetic Moment 10.2 Field Compensation Systems 10.3 Magnetic Shielding 10.3.1 Magnetic Shielding Theory 10.3.2 Transverse Magnetic Shielding 10.3.3 Axial Magnetic Shielding 10.3.4 Flux Distribution 10.3.5 Annealing 10.3.6 Demagnetizing 10.3.7 Enhancement of Magnetic Shielding by Magnetic Shaking 10.3.8 Magnetic Shielded Rooms 10.4 Calibration of 3-Axial Magnetometers 10.4.1 Vectoral Calibration of 3-Axial Magnetometers 10.4.2 Scalar Calibration of 3-Axial Magnetometers References Chapter 11 Magnetic Sensors for Nonmagnetic Variables 11.1 Position Sensors 11.1.1 Sensors with a Permanent Magnet 11.1.2 Eddy-Current Sensors 11.1.3 Linear Transformer Sensors 11.1.4 Rotation Transformer Sensors 11.1.5 Magnetostrictive Position Sensors 11.1.6 Wiegand Sensors 11.1.7 Magnetic Trackers 11.2 Proximity and Rotation Detectors 11.3 Force and Pressure 11.4 Torque Sensors 11.5 Magnetic Flowmeters 11.6 Electric Current Sensors 11.6.1 Magneto-Optical Current Sensors 11.6.2 Current Transformers 11.6.3 Fluxgate Current Sensors 11.6.4 Rogowski Coils 11.6.5 Sensors with a Gapped Core 11.6.6 Coreless Current Sensors 11.6.7 Current Clamps 11.6.8 Magnetometric Measurement of Hidden Currents References Acronyms and Abbreviations About the Editor List of Contributors Index
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