Machine Tools Production Systems 3: Mechatronic Systems, Control and Automation

Foreword for the Machine Tools and Manufacturing Systems Compendium
Foreword for Volume
Abbreviation
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1  The Machine Tool as a Mechatronic System
	1.2  Engineering
	1.3  Current Trends
	References
2 Feed Axes in Machine Tools
	2.1  Converters for machine tool feed axes
		2.1.1  Design of converter systems
		2.1.2  Control electronics in converters
			2.1.2.1  Analog control
			2.1.2.2  Digital control
			2.1.2.3  Additional functions of digital drive controllers
		2.1.3  Interfaces to the control system
			2.1.3.1  Analog interface
			2.1.3.2  Digital interface
	2.2  Motors in feed axes
		2.2.1  Requirements on drive units
		2.2.2  Direct current motors
		2.2.3  Synchronous motors
		2.2.4  Asynchronous motors
		2.2.5  Design and calculation of electric drives
			2.2.5.1  Ramp-up without a current limit
			2.2.5.2  Ramp-up with a current limit
			2.2.5.3  Numeric determination of the ramp-up for non-linear and discontinuous characteristics
			2.2.5.4  Selection of motors according to static considerations
		2.2.6  Designs based on direct current and 3-phase servo drives
			2.2.6.1  Stepper motors
			2.2.6.2  Linear motors
		2.2.7  Current and power measurements on electric motors
	2.3  Position measuring systems for NC machines
		2.3.1  Basics of path and angle measurement
			2.3.1.1  Basic terms
			2.3.1.2  Measuring principles and measuring methods
				Direct and indirect measured-value acquisition
				Analog and digital measured-value acquisition
				Relative and absolute measured-value acquisition
		2.3.2  Measuring systems
			2.3.2.1  Photoelectric measuring methods
				Digital-incremental measuring systems
				Digital-absolute measuring systems
				Incremental-absolute measuring systems
				Interferential path measuring systems
			2.3.2.2  Interferometers
			2.3.2.3  Electromagnetic sensors
				Inductosyn
				Resolvers
			2.3.2.4  Magnetic sensors
		2.3.3  Interpolation methods and direction detection
			2.3.3.1  Interpolation with auxiliary phases
			2.3.3.2  Digital interpolation
			2.3.3.3  Amplitude analysis
			2.3.3.4  Direction detection
		2.3.4  Selecting and installing measuring devices
			2.3.4.1  Selecting a measuring device
			2.3.4.2  Place of installation in a system or machine
			2.3.4.3  Installation notes
			2.3.4.4  Electrical connection
	2.4  Mechanical transmission elements
		2.4.1  Components for converting rotation motion to translation motion
			2.4.1.1  Ball screw/nut drives
			2.4.1.2  Rack and pinion drives
			2.4.1.3  Worm and rack drives
			2.4.1.4  Toothed belt drives
			2.4.1.5  Chain drive
		2.4.2  Feed gear units
			2.4.2.1  Gear drives
			2.4.2.2  Toothed belt drives
			2.4.2.3  Custom feed gear units
		2.4.3  Couplings
			2.4.3.1  Self-aligning couplings
	References
3 Dynamic Behavior of Feed Axes<InlineMediaObject><ImageObject FileRef="513289_1_En_3_Figa_HTML.gif" Format="GIF" Color="BlackWhite" Type="Linedraw" Rendition="HTML"/></InlineMediaObject>
	3.1  Control Engineering Principles
		3.1.1  Linear, Continuous Transfer Systems
			3.1.1.1  Time Behavior of Control Loop Elements
			3.1.1.2  Basic Systems of Control Loop Elements and Their Representation
			3.1.1.3  Structure of a Control Loop
			3.1.1.4  Signal Flow (Block) Diagram
			3.1.1.5  Stability of Control Loops
			3.1.1.6  Rules for Setting Analog Controllers
		3.1.2  Linear Discrete-Time Transfer Systems
			3.1.2.1  Representation of Discrete-Time Systems
			3.1.2.2  Z-Transform
			3.1.2.3  Linear Difference Equations
			3.1.2.4  Rules for Setting Discrete-Time Controllers
			3.1.2.5  Transfer Function in the Z-Domain
		3.1.3  Feedforward Controller for Tracking Error Correction
		3.1.4  State Control
			3.1.4.1  Representation in the State Space
			3.1.4.2  Design of a State Controller
	3.2  Closed-Loop Control of Feed Drives
		3.2.1  Feed Drive as Control Loop
		3.2.2  Calculation of Continuous Position Control Loops
		3.2.3  Transmission Behavior of the Linear Position Control Loop
		3.2.4  Simulation of Feed Drives
	3.3  Transmission Behavior of the Mechanics
		3.3.1  Physical Boundaries of the Mechanical and Electrical Systems
		3.3.2  Transmission Behavior of Electromechanical Drive Systems
			3.3.2.1  Kinematic Transmission Behavior
			3.3.2.2  Static Transmission Behavior
			3.3.2.3  Dynamic Transmission Behavior
		3.3.3  Transmission Behavior of Linear Motor Drives
	3.4  Influences of the Measuring System on the Closed-Loop Feed Control
		3.4.1  Behavior of Electromechanical Axes for Closed-Loop Control via Indirect and Direct Measuring Systems
		3.4.2  Effect of the Measuring System for Linear Motor Drives
		3.4.3  Improvement of Closed-Loop Feed Control Using a Ferraris Sensor
		3.4.4  Shortest Traversable Increment
	3.5  Static and Dynamic Stiffnesses of Feed Axes
		3.5.1  Static Stiffness
			3.5.1.1  Static Stiffness of Electromechanical Drives (Ball Screw Drives)
			3.5.1.2  Static Stiffness for an Electric Linear Motor Drive
		3.5.2  Dynamic Stiffness
			3.5.2.1  Dynamic Stiffness of Electromechanical Feed Axes
			3.5.2.2  Electric Linear Motor Drive
	References
4 Feed Drives for Path Generation
	4.1  Design of Path Controllers
	4.2  Path Errors on Machine Tools
		4.2.1  Path Errors in the Interpolator
		4.2.2  Typical Path Errors of PositionControl
		4.2.3  Effects of Mechanical Transmission Elements
		4.2.4  Determination of Dynamic Path Deviations
			4.2.4.1  Corner Smoothing
			4.2.4.2  Circularity and Diameter Deviations
		4.2.5  Influence of the KV Factor on the Path Deviations
	4.3  Measures to Reduce Path Deviations
	References
5 Design of Feed Drives
	5.1  Design of the Motor and Mechanical Components
		5.1.1  Determining the Requirements and Selecting the Drive Principle
		5.1.2  Selection and Design of the Mechanical Components
		5.1.3  Selection and Design of the Drive Motor
			5.1.3.1  Design in Accordance with Static Parameters
			5.1.3.2  Dynamic Design
			5.1.3.3  Optimum Gear Ratio
	5.2  Design of the Measuring System
	5.3  Commissioning of the Controller
		5.3.1  Manual Commissioning
			5.3.1.1  Adjusting the Rotational Speed Controller
			5.3.1.2  Adjustment of the Position Controller
		5.3.2  Automatic Commissioning
	References
6 Process Monitoring
	6.1  Introduction
		6.1.1  Background, Terminology and Objectives
		6.1.2  Economic Significance of Process Monitoring, Process Control, Diagnostics, and Maintenance Measures
		6.1.3  Factors Affecting the Function of the Means of Production and Product Quality
		6.1.4  Strategies and Structure of Monitoring Systems
			6.1.4.1  Strategies for Monitoring Systems
			6.1.4.2  The Structure of Monitoring Systems
			6.1.4.3  Connection and Delimitation Between Process Monitoring and Machine Diagnosis
			6.1.4.4  Mechanical and Optical Sensors
			6.1.4.5  Control-Internal Information
		6.1.5  Principles of Process Control
	6.2  Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition
		6.2.1  Analog Signal Processing
		6.2.2  Digital Pre-Processing
		6.2.3  Feature Extraction
		6.2.4  Classification
			6.2.4.1  Fixed Limits
			6.2.4.2  Moving Thresholds
			6.2.4.3  Multi-Dimensional Classification
	6.3  Technological Process Monitoring and Process Control in Different Manufacturing Processes
		6.3.1  Turning
			6.3.1.1  Sensor Systems for Measuring Torque and Cutting Force
			6.3.1.2  Controlling Force, Torque and Power During Turning
			6.3.1.3  Automatic Cut Distribution for Turning
			6.3.1.4  Process Monitoring During Turning
		6.3.2  Milling
			6.3.2.1  Sensor Systems and Processes for Process Monitoring During Milling
			6.3.2.2  Process Monitoring for Milling
			6.3.2.3  Process Control for Milling
			6.3.2.4  Process Control When Fettling
			6.3.2.5  Automatic Chatter Elimination
		6.3.3  Drilling
			6.3.3.1  Process Monitoring When Drilling and Deep Drilling
			6.3.3.2  Process Control for Deep Drilling
		6.3.4  Grinding
			6.3.4.1  Process Control
			6.3.4.2  Dressing Monitoring
		6.3.5  Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
		6.3.6  Collision Monitoring
	6.4  Statistical Process Control
	6.5  Machine Condition Monitoring
		6.5.1  Service and Maintenance Procedures
			6.5.1.1  Reactive Maintenance
			6.5.1.2  Time-Dependent (Preventive) Maintenance
			6.5.1.3  State-Oriented Maintenance
		6.5.2  Machine Condition Monitoring
			6.5.2.1  Parameters
			6.5.2.2  Sensor-Based State Detection
		6.5.3  Measured Value Analysis
			6.5.3.1  Conventional Diagnostic Functions
				Signal-Based
			6.5.3.2  Model-Based
			6.5.3.3  Behavior-Based
			6.5.3.4  Areas of Application
	References
7 Automation of Machines and Plants
	7.1  Definitions
	7.2  Historical Developments and Reasons for Automating Machine Tools
	7.3  Control and Automation Technology as a Subtask of Machine Development
	7.4  Control of Operating Sequences
		7.4.1  Production Facility Functions that Can be Automated
		7.4.2  Functional Sequences
		7.4.3  Control, Programming and Storage Elements
	7.5  Examples of Automated Functions
		7.5.1  Path and Switching Information
			7.5.1.1  Linear Displacement Transducers
			7.5.1.2  Cam Strips and Switch Panels
			7.5.1.3  Absolute and Incremental Rotary Encoders for Measuring the Actual Position of a Machine Assembly and for Controlling Rotational Speed
		7.5.2  Workpiece Transportation and Handling
		7.5.3  Tool Handling and Storage
		7.5.4  Process Monitoring, Process Control, Diagnostics and Safety
		7.5.5  Control Technology
		7.5.6  Disposal
	References
8 Mechanical Control Systems
	8.1  Single-Spindle Automatic Lathe
	8.2  Multi-Spindle Automatic Lathe
	8.3  Further Development of the Mechanically Controlled Multi-Spindle Machine
	8.4  Electronic Line Shaft
		8.4.1  Operating Principle
		8.4.2  Application
	References
9 Basics of Information Processing
	9.1  Basics
		9.1.1  Number Systems
		9.1.2  Data Codes
		9.1.3  Boolean Algebra
		9.1.4  Karnaugh Map
	9.2  Modules
		9.2.1  Implementing the Basic Functions
		9.2.2  Extended Functions
			9.2.2.1  Flip-flop
			9.2.2.2  Edge-triggered Flip-flops
			9.2.2.3  1:2 Divider
			9.2.2.4  Binary Counters
			9.2.2.5  Half Adder
			9.2.2.6  Full Adders and Accumulators
			9.2.2.7  Comparator
			9.2.2.8  Decoder
			9.2.2.9  Parity Checker
			9.2.2.10  A/D Converter
			9.2.2.11  D/A Converter
		9.2.3  Integrated Circuits
		9.2.4  Controls and Displays
		9.2.5  Computers
	9.3  Communication in Automation Technology
		9.3.1  Communication Technology Requirements
		9.3.2  OSI Reference Model
		9.3.3  Bus Architectures and Access Methods
		9.3.4  Bus Systems
		9.3.5  Industrial Ethernet
		9.3.6  Wireless Communication
		9.3.7  Near Field Communication
		9.3.8  Middleware Protocols
	References
10 Electrical Controls
	10.1  Design and Categorization of Electrical Controls
		10.1.1  Logic Controllers
		10.1.2  Sequential Controls
	10.2  Hard-wired Controls
		10.2.1  Application Areas and Tasks
		10.2.2  Application Examples
	10.3  Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
		10.3.1  Application Areas and Functions
		10.3.2  Design and Function
			10.3.2.1  Design
			10.3.2.2  Operating Principle
		10.3.3  PLC Programming
			10.3.3.1  Ladder Diagram Programming
			10.3.3.2  Continuous Function Chart Programming
			10.3.3.3  Programming with Instruction List
			10.3.3.4  Examples of More Complex Program Instructions
				Time Functions
				Counters
				Word-oriented Processing
			10.3.3.5  Structured Text (High-level Language Programming)
			10.3.3.6  Sequential Function Chart
		10.3.4  Procedure for Systematic Development of Complex PLC Programs
			10.3.4.1  Specification of the Control Task
			10.3.4.2  Program Design and Programming
			10.3.4.3  Program Testing
	10.4  Safety Controllers
		10.4.1  Machinery Directive
		10.4.2  Performance Levels
		10.4.3  Two-channel, Fault-Detecting Control Structure
		10.4.4  Three-channel, Fault-tolerant Control Structure
		10.4.5  Conventional Safety Circuits Using Relay Technology
		10.4.6  Fail-Safe Process Coupling
			10.4.6.1  Reliable Evaluation of Process Inputs
			10.4.6.2  Fail-safe and Fault-Tolerant Process Outputs
	10.5  Motion Control
		10.5.1  Basics and Application
		10.5.2  Design and Operating Principle of MC Systems
			10.5.2.1  System Architecture of MC Systems
			10.5.2.2  Fieldbus Systems for Motion Control
		10.5.3  Programming
			10.5.3.1  Project Planning of Motion Control Systems
	References
11 Numerical Controllers
	11.1  Historical Development of Numerical Controllers
	11.2  Design and Functional Description of Numerical Controllers
		11.2.1  General Functional Description
		11.2.2  Hardware and Interfaces of a Numerical Controller
			11.2.2.1  Internal Structure
				HMC Functional Area
				MC Functional Area
				AC and SC Functional Areas
				LC Functional Area
				Other Functional Areas
			11.2.2.2  External Interfaces
		11.2.3  Numerical Controller Software
		11.2.4  How a Numerical Controller Works
			11.2.4.1  NC Interpreter
			11.2.4.2  Geometrical Data Processing
			11.2.4.3  Interpolation
			11.2.4.4  Axis Control
		11.2.5  Functional Scope of Modern Numerical Controllers
			11.2.5.1  Standard Functions
				Programming
				Graphics-Aided Machining Simulation
				Monitoring and Diagnostics Functions
				Measurement and Correction Functions
				User Interface
				External Communication—Network Integration
				Machine Startup and Configuration
				Additional Functions of Numerical Controllers
			11.2.5.2  Functions for Controlling Automated Production Cells
				Order Management
				Pallet Management
				Tool Management
		11.2.6  Openness of Controller Systems
			11.2.6.1  Motivation and Objectives of Open Controller Systems
			11.2.6.2  Variants of Open Controller Systems
			11.2.6.3  Realization of Open Controllers
				Openness in the Operating Area
				Openness in the NC Kernel
				Compile Cycles
				Job Lists
			11.2.6.4  Cross-Manufacturer Standards for Open Controllers
	11.3  Workpiece Programming in NC Production
		11.3.1  Format of Line-Based NC Program
		11.3.2  Structure of an Object-Oriented NC Program
		11.3.3  Coordinate Systems and Reference Points
			11.3.3.1  Machine Zero Point M
			11.3.3.2  Reference Point R
			11.3.3.3  Workpiece Zero Point
			11.3.3.4  Tool Reference Point E
			11.3.3.5  Tool Holder N and Carriage Reference Point
			11.3.3.6  Start Point
			11.3.3.7  Tool Geometry
	11.4  NC Programming Methods
		11.4.1  Manual NC Programming Methods
			11.4.1.1  Fundamentals and Procedure
			11.4.1.2  Programming Example (DIN 66025)
			11.4.1.3  Additional Commands for Program Entry
				Subroutines
				Contour Line Programming
				Cycle Programming
			11.4.1.4  Limits of Programming in Accordance with DIN
		11.4.2  Automatic NC Programming Methods
			11.4.2.1  CAD/CAP/CAM Coupling
				Language of the Parts Program
				Macro Language
				Standardized Interface Formats
				Custom Interface Formats
				Problems of CAD/CAP/CAM Coupling
				Freeform Surface Machining
			11.4.2.2  Programming Example Using the EXAPT System
			11.4.2.3  Programming Example for an Object-Oriented NC Program (STEP-NC)
			11.4.2.4  Workshop-Oriented NC Programming
			11.4.2.5  Workshop-Level Programming with Manual Process Control
			11.4.2.6  Cost Comparison of Programming Methods
		11.4.3  Digitization of Workpiece Geometries for NC Data Generation
			11.4.3.1  Measuring Devices for Digitizing Workpieces
			11.4.3.2  Sampling Strategies
			11.4.3.3  Sampling Systems
				Tactile Sampling Systems
				Optoelectronic Sampling Systems
			11.4.3.4  Preparation and Processing of Measurement Data
	11.5  User Interfaces on Machine Tools
		11.5.1  Control Panels on Machine Tools
		11.5.2  Manual Process Control
			11.5.2.1  General Overview
			11.5.2.2  Controls Required for Process Control
			11.5.2.3  Alternatives for Realizing a User-Oriented Process Control
			11.5.2.4  Development Trends
		11.5.3  User-Oriented Depiction of Process-Related and System-Related Parameters
			11.5.3.1  Initial Situation
			11.5.3.2  User-Oriented Communication of Parameters
			11.5.3.3  Technical Realization and Application Examples
	References
12 Command Variable Generation and Interpolation<InlineMediaObject><ImageObject FileRef="513289_1_En_12_Figa_HTML.gif" Format="GIF" Color="BlackWhite" Type="Linedraw" Rendition="HTML"/></InlineMediaObject>
	12.1  Interpolation
		12.1.1  Functions for the Velocity and Acceleration Control of Simple Paths Based on NC Lines
			12.1.1.1  Acceleration and Deceleration Phase
			12.1.1.2  Constant Velocity Phase
			12.1.1.3  Brake Application Point Recognition
		12.1.2  Functions for the Velocity and Acceleration Control of Simple Paths Across NC Lines
			12.1.2.1  NC Line Transitions
			12.1.2.2  Proactive Velocity Control
		12.1.3  Interpolation of Simple Paths
			12.1.3.1  Linear Interpolation
			12.1.3.2  Circular Interpolation
		12.1.4  Spline Interpolation
			12.1.4.1  Polynomial Splines
				Definition
				Polynomial Determination
				Determining the Parameter Vector
				Global Method
				Local method as per Akima
				Properties
			12.1.4.2  B-splines
				Definition
				Properties
			12.1.4.3  NURBS
			12.1.4.4  Evaluation of Splines
		12.1.5  Other Methods
	12.2  Geometrical Transformations
		12.2.1  Zero Offsets
		12.2.2  Tool Corrections
		12.2.3  Kinematic Transformation for 5-axis Milling
			12.2.3.1  Serial Kinematics
			12.2.3.2  Parallel Kinematics
	12.3  External Position and Velocity Influencing
		12.3.1  Compensation of Geometrical Errors
			12.3.1.1  Compensation of Geometrical Feed Drive Errors
				Measurement of the Positioning Uncertainties in Accordance with VDI/DGQ
				Reversal Error
				Spindle Pitch Errors
			12.3.1.2  Compensation of Thermal Displacements
				Direct Compensation
				Indirect Compensation
			12.3.1.3  Compensation of Static Process Loads
			12.3.1.4  Measurement Control for Grinding Processes
		12.3.2  Feed Override and External Velocity Influencing
			12.3.2.1  Override
			12.3.2.2  External Velocity Influencing
			12.3.2.3  Look-ahead Function
		12.3.3  Reference Point Run
	References
13 Robots and Robot Controllers
	13.1  General Functional Description
	13.2  Robot kinematics and Placement Devices
		13.2.1  Vertical Articulated Arm Robot
		13.2.2  Horizontal Articulated Arm Robot
		13.2.3  Cartesian Line Gantry Robots
		13.2.4  Cartesian Area Gantry and Line Gantry with Girder
		13.2.5  Parallel Kinematics
			13.2.5.1  Combined Kinematics
			13.2.5.2  Fully Parallel Kinematics
		13.2.6  Custom Designs
			13.2.6.1  Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinate Robots
			13.2.6.2  Hybrid Kinematics
			13.2.6.3  Collaborative Robot Designs
	13.3  Coordinate Systems and Reference Points
	13.4  Coordinate Transformation and Path Generation
	13.5  Operating and Programming Robots
		13.5.1  Online Programming Methods
		13.5.2  Offline Programming Systems
		13.5.3  Industrial Robot Language (IRL) as an Example of a Robot Programming Language
	13.6  Communication Interfaces for Robot Controllers
	13.7  Sensor Data Acquisition and Processing
	13.8  Gripper Technology in Robotics
		13.8.1  Process Definitions
		13.8.2  Gripping Principles
		13.8.3  Gripper Types
			13.8.3.1  Mechanical Grippers
			13.8.3.2  Pneumatic Grippers
			13.8.3.3  Custom Designs
		13.8.4  Gripper Systems
	13.9  Development Trends
	References
14 Production Control Technology
	14.1  Corporate Structure in the CIM Environment
		14.1.1  CIM Components
			14.1.1.1  ERP
			14.1.1.2  CAD
			14.1.1.3  CAP and CAM
			14.1.1.4  CAQ
		14.1.2  Automated Production
		14.1.3  Level Model of an Industrial Manufacturing Business
	14.2  Corporate Level
		14.2.1  ERP Systems
			14.2.1.1  Functionalities of an ERP System
			14.2.1.2  Modularity of ERP Systems
			14.2.1.3  Introducing an ERP System
				Basic ERP
				Supply Chain Integration
				Extensions and Improvements to Support Corporate Strategies of Chain Integration
			14.2.1.4  Current Developments in ERP Systems
	14.3  Operations Command Level
		14.3.1  Manufacturing Execution Systems
			14.3.1.1  MES Tasks
			14.3.1.2  Variants and Types of Systems
		14.3.2  Manufacturing Control Systems
			14.3.2.1  Technical System Concepts
			14.3.2.2  DNC (Distributed Numerical Control)
				Historical Development
				DNC Systems
			14.3.2.3  Material Flow Control
			14.3.2.4  Organization of Production Resources
				Tool Planning
				Tool Organization
				Tool Scheduling
				Tool Supply and Removal
				Tool Usage
				Tool Information System
			14.3.2.5  Production Data Acquisition and Processing
				Classifying Production Data and Defining Terms
				PDA Terminals
				Functions of Production Data Processing
		14.3.3  Communication in Control Technology
			14.3.3.1  Communication Segments in the Manufacturing Sector
				Actuator/Sensor Fieldbuses (Sampling Buses)
				Cell Network/System Fieldbuses
				Industrial Ethernet Networks
				Office Networks
			14.3.3.2  Software Interfaces
	14.4  Process Command Level
		14.4.1  Electronic Control Station
			14.4.1.1  Tasks of Shop Floor Control Systems
				Functional Scope of Electronic Control Stations
		14.4.2  Production Control Computers
			14.4.2.1  Functional Scope of Production Control Computers
		14.4.3  SCADA Systems
			14.4.3.1  Tasks
			14.4.3.2  Concepts
	14.5  Smart Automation Lab: Industry 4.0 Research Laboratory
		14.5.1  Product-Centric Control
		14.5.2  Plug & Produce
		14.5.3  Cognitive Assembly
	References
15 Engineering
	15.1  Software development
		15.1.1  Development models
			15.1.1.1  Waterfall model
			15.1.1.2  V-model
			15.1.1.3  Agile software development
		15.1.2  Development phases
			15.1.2.1  Planning phase
			15.1.2.2  Definition phase
			15.1.2.3  Design phase
			15.1.2.4  Implementation phase
			15.1.2.5  Acceptance and introduction phase
			15.1.2.6  Maintenance and support phase
		15.1.3  Model-driven software development
	15.2  Electrical design on machine tools
		15.2.1  Introduction
		15.2.2  Functions of electrical design in machine tools
			15.2.2.1  Provision of power
			15.2.2.2  Realization of control functions
			15.2.2.3  Protective functions for personnel and the system
		15.2.3  Interaction between the electrical and mechanical designs
			15.2.3.1  Interface between the electrical and mechanical designs
			15.2.3.2  Communication tool for specifying the functions of a machine tool
		15.2.4  Components and methods in electrical design
			15.2.4.1  Standards and regulations for the electrical design of machine tools
			15.2.4.2  Criteria for selecting components
			15.2.4.3  Circuitry documents
			15.2.4.4  Circuitry documents for a lathe as an example
			15.2.4.5  Methods in electrical design
				Project planning and creation of circuitry documents
				CAD systems for electrical design
		15.2.5  Practicable integration of electrical components into machine tools
			15.2.5.1  Energy supply
			15.2.5.2  Electrical components in machine tools
			15.2.5.3  Operator interface
			15.2.5.4  Safety devices
			15.2.5.5  Electrical cabinet design
				Design and layout
				Components and their positioning
				Temperature control in electrical cabinets
	References
Formelzeichenverzeichnis
Index