ICT Solutions and Digitalisation in Ports and Shipping
- Length: 460 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
- Publication Date: 2021-07-30
- ISBN-10: 1839530863
- ISBN-13: 9781839530869
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Given the volumes of global ship traffic, solutions are needed to reduce waiting times, costs, energy consumption and emissions. This systematic reference on ICT solutions and digitalisation in the ports and shipping sector covers new and existing technologies, different types of digital systems, and offers illustrative examples and case studies.
Coverage includes the following topics: the global trade facilitation regulatory framework and the role of ICT; maritime ports and cybersecurity; e-navigation and shore-based monitoring systems; maritime transportation along the Northern Sea Route; smart shipping beyond e-navigation; maritime communications; emerging radio communication technologies in the maritime domain; a data-driven methodology for maritime patterns of life discovery; real-time information with its technology; digital supply chain and port information modelling (PIM); ICT innovation in port-hinterland transport services; decarbonisation technologies in shipping and the question of transition fuels; and finally the advent of shore-based navigation: from vessel traffic services (VTS) to e-navigation maritime service portfolio (MSP).
The aim of this work is to examine the application of ICT solutions and digitalisation to the movement and clearance of freight at seaports globally. It provides conceptual clarity on the applicability of the different technologies and systems used for this purpose, and the relevance of such projects for different types of ports, from a trade facilitation perspective. It is therefore of particular relevance to researchers, academics, consultants, chief technology officers, and advanced students in the field of freight and logistics, especially in a maritime context. The book is also a valuable reference for anyone involved in port logistics in a managerial or operational capacity, and to port authorities.
Cover Contents About the editors List of contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The global trade facilitation regulatory framework and the role of ICT 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The international trade ICT framework 1.3 Elements of trade ICT functional environment 1.4 Electronic Single Windows 1.5 Cargo Community Systems 1.6 Could CCSs and NSWs work together? 1.6.1 Interoperability and systems integration 1.6.2 Technological disruption and ICT in trade facilitation 1.7 Regulatory underpinnings for cross-border data sharing 1.8 Conclusions Appendix A List of potential services offered by port community systems Appendix B The global trade facilitation compliance framework References 2 Maritime ports and cybersecurity 2.1 The modern port 2.1.1 Port system 2.1.2 Port ownership models 2.1.3 Port structure 2.1.3.1 Automation 2.1.3.2 Cargo 2.1.3.3 Ships 2.1.3.4 Transport network 2.2 The importance of ports 2.2.1 Ports as critical infrastructure 2.2.2 Ports as critical information infrastructure 2.2.3 Impact of port disruption 2.2.3.1 Congestion 2.2.3.2 Economy 2.2.3.3 Environment 2.2.3.4 Geopolitics 2.2.3.5 Safety 2.3 Cybersecurity 2.3.1 Cybersecurity attributes 2.3.2 Vulnerabilities and threats 2.3.3 Cyberattacks 2.3.3.1 Advanced persistent threat 2.3.3.2 Backdoor 2.3.3.3 Malware 2.3.3.4 Phishing 2.3.3.5 Ransomware 2.3.3.6 Social engineering 2.3.3.7 Virus 2.3.3.8 Worms 2.4 Ports and cybersecurity 2.4.1 Port as a cyber–physical environment 2.4.2 Cybersecurity attributes of ports 2.5 Attack scenarios 2.5.1 APT40 2.5.2 The Port of San Diego 2.5.3 The Maersk NotPetya Attack 2.5.4 The Danish Maritime Authority 2.5.5 The Port of Antwerp 2.6 Cyber risk management for ports 2.6.1 Risk assessment 2.6.2 Risk management 2.6.2.1 Coordinated risk management 2.6.3 Risk strategy for ports 2.6.3.1 Cyber insurance 2.6.3.2 Investment decisions 2.6.3.3 Reporting 2.7 Cybersecurity guidelines and standards 2.7.1 Guidelines 2.7.1.1 IMO Shipping Regulations 2.7.2 National strategies 2.7.2.1 EU Directives and GDPR 2.7.3 Frameworks 2.7.3.1 NIST Cybersecurity Framework 2.7.4 Standards of practice 2.7.4.1 The ISPS Code, ISO/IEC 27001, and Common Criteria 2.8 Summary References 3 e-Navigation and shore-based monitoring systems 3.1 Navigation, the past and the present 3.1.1 What was first, nautical publications or navigational charts? 3.1.2 Paper charts and electronic charts 3.1.3 Nautical publications 3.1.4 Navigating a ship 3.2 The e-navigation concept 3.2.1 What was the motivation to initiate the e-navigation concept? 3.2.2 Strategic implementation plan 3.2.3 Maritime services in the context of e-navigation 3.3 The S-100 idea 3.3.1 What was the motivation to replace the current standards? 3.3.2 S-100 as the Universal Hydrographic Data Model 3.3.3 S-100-based product specifications 3.3.4 Tailor-made information provision 3.4 Supporting elements 3.4.1 Why are supporting elements required? 3.4.2 Common marine data infrastructure 3.4.3 Marine resource names 3.4.4 Sufficient data bandwidth availability 3.5 Shore-based monitoring systems 3.5.1 Why can shore-based monitoring systems benefit from e-navigation? 3.5.2 Shore-based ship operation centres 3.5.3 Shore-based ship monitoring centres 3.6 The future 3.6.1 Why can the future of the provision of navigational information be different from today? 3.6.2 Split of data provision responsibilities 3.6.3 Enhanced chart content 3.6.4 Interoperability 3.6.5 Provision of incremental updates 3.6.6 Dynamic ships routeing measures 3.7 Conclusion List of abbreviations Appendix A References 4 Maritime transportation along the Northern Sea Route 4.1 Northern Sea Route in a global maritime transportation 4.1.1 Role of NSR in a historical context 4.1.1.1 Explorations in sixteenth to nineteenth centuries 4.1.1.2 Soviet period 1919–91 4.1.1.3 Post-Soviet period and current state 4.1.2 Effect of climate change on NSR 4.1.2.1 Diminishing sea ice 4.1.2.2 Navigation along NSR 4.1.3 Frameworks governing the NSR 4.1.3.1 Non-Arctic states in the Arctic 4.1.3.2 Legal status of the NSR 4.2 Drivers for NSR development 4.2.1 Increased demand for natural resources and Arctic development 4.2.2 Tourism in the Arctic 4.3 Maritime transportation along NRS 4.3.1 Cost considerations 4.3.2 Ship classes 4.3.2.1 Seasonal variations 4.3.2.2 Ship sizes 4.3.3 Volumes and types of shipping 4.3.4 Container shipping 4.3.5 A case study of liquefied natural gas (LNG) 4.3.6 Shipping sustainability requirements worldwide and in the Arctic 4.3.7 Smart shipping along NSR 4.3.8 Challenges and recommendations for sustainable shipping along NSR References 5 Smart shipping beyond e-navigation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The South Korean vision 5.3 Approaches to compliance with IMO regulation 5.4 IMO regulation and approaches to compliance for newbuilds 5.5 Smart and autonomous ships 5.5.1 Project MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks) [10] 5.5.2 The Yara-Kongsberg project [11] 5.5.3 The ReVolt project by DNV-GL [12] 5.5.4 SIMAROS (Safe Implementation of Autonomous and Remote Operation of Ships) project [13] 5.5.5 ROMAS (Remote Operation of Machinery and Automation System) project [14] 5.5.6 The AAWA (Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications) project [15] 5.5.7 The Autosea project [16] 5.5.8 The One Sea project [17] 5.5.9 SSAP (Smart Ship Application Platform) project [18] 5.5.10 Green Dolphin [19] 5.6 Core technologies of smart and autonomous ships 5.6.1 Technology of connecting ship and shore—on-board data collection 5.6.2 Advanced shore service and e-navigation 5.6.3 Environmental information (e.g., weather) 5.7 Standards of ship network (standards of IEC, ISO) 5.7.1 IEC TC 80 standard—IEC 61162-1 and IEC 61162-2 [20,21] 5.7.2 IEC TC 80 standard—IEC 61162-3 [22] 5.7.3 IEC TC 80 standard—IEC 61162-450 [23] 5.7.4 IEC TC 80 standard—IEC 61162-460 [26] 5.7.5 ISO TC 8 WG 10 smart shipping 5.8 Cybersecurity guidelines of the IMO and BIMCO 5.8.1 IMO countermeasures for cybersecurity 5.8.2 BIMCO countermeasures for cybersecurity 5.9 Security technologies standard of the IETF 5.9.1 Security Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) 5.9.2 Structure of TLS 1.2 5.9.3 Improved TLS 5.9.4 Advances in TLS 1.3 [32,33] 5.10 Conclusion List of abbreviations References 6 Maritime communications 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Addressing user requirements 6.1.2 Supporting safe, efficient, and pollution-free shipping 6.2 Digital communications – existing and developing 6.2.1 Digital data communications – some considerations 6.2.1.1 Latency 6.2.1.2 Bandwidth and channel capacity 6.2.1.3 Life cycle costs 6.3 Maritime communications in a digital age 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Coastal communication networks 6.3.3 Mobile broadband 6.3.4 The Internet of Things 6.4 Roles and responsibilities in maritime communications 6.4.1 Standards (regional and national/international bodies) 6.4.2 Cybersecurity 6.4.3 Pressure on the radiofrequency spectrum (spectrum) 6.4.4 Innovation in maritime communications 6.4.4.1 Constraints 6.5 What is changing and why 6.5.1 Radiofrequency spectrum (spectrum) 6.5.1.1 GMDSS modernisation 6.5.1.2 Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships 6.5.2 Digitalisation 6.5.3 Standardisation 6.6 Overview of communication services 6.6.1 Satellite technologies 6.6.2 Terrestrial technologies 6.6.3 Communications technologies to address requirements 6.7 A glimpse into the future 6.7.1 Getting from here to there 6.7.2 Rethinking the approach to standards 6.7.3 A model to support digital communications in the maritime industry 6.7.4 Blockchain and maritime communications 6.7.5 The future looks 'smart' Abbreviations used and glossary of terms References 7 Emerging radio communication technologies in the maritime domain – an overview with a critical evaluation of technologies' promises 7.1 '5G' has it all for society – has it? 7.2 The relevance of IMT-2020 for maritime applications and its advantages for shipping 7.3 The availability challenge to IMT-2020 when applied to the maritime domain, and mitigation options 7.3.1 Weaknesses of the default terrestrial IMT-2020 RAN when applied to the maritime domain 7.3.2 A composite scenario for the application of IMT-2020 to the maritime domain 7.4 Candidate Maritime RATs to supplement terrestrial component of IMT-2020 7.4.1 Overview on non-voice Maritime RATs 7.4.1.1 The VHF data exchange system and the NAVDAT system 7.4.1.2 LTE-Maritime 7.4.1.3 Terrestrial short-range RATs potentially applied to the maritime domain 7.4.2 Overcoming the 'voice gap' 7.4.3 Intermediate conclusion for Maritime RATs 7.5 Satellite component 7.6 Shipboard equipment and shore-based deployment – the touchstone for any real application 7.7 Conclusions 7.8 Some afterthoughts References 8 A data-driven methodology for maritime Patterns of Life discovery 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Related work 8.3 Approach 8.4 Applications 8.4.1 Vessel's navigation performance and voyage optimization 8.4.2 Shipping environmental impact 8.4.3 Anomaly detection 8.4.4 Autonomous ships 8.4.5 Vessel activities identification 8.5 Conclusions References 9 Real-time information with ITS technology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 ITS technologies and their application in transport 9.3 Smart vessel concept 9.4 Smart port concept 9.5 Intelligent maritime systems 9.6 Business impact 9.7 Conclusion: an eye to the future References 10 Digital supply chain and port information modeling (PIM) 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Digital supply chain transformation 10.2.1 What is digital transformation? 10.2.2 What is the supply chain? 10.2.3 What is digital supply chain transformation (SCx)? 10.2.4 Digital SCx—an illustration in port management 10.2.5 Multidimensional collaboration in digital SCx 10.3 Port information model, modeling, and management 10.3.1 Port information model (3D representation) 10.3.2 Port information modeling (construction information) 10.3.3 Port information management 10.4 An integrated strategy toward SCx and PIM 10.4.1 Development of multidimensional immersive collaborative culture 10.4.2 Designing a digital port transformation strategy 10.4.3 Impact of SCx and PIM on the design and operation of ports 10.5 Future of port information modeling 10.6 Conclusion References Further reading 11 ICT innovation in port–hinterland transport services: developing cost-effective horizontal integration tools 11.1 Introduction 11.2 ICT innovations in the port–land interface 11.3 CEA and its presence in applicative studies 11.4 CEA for ICT innovation–an evaluative framework 11.5 Horizontal integration in road transport: case studies 11.6 The costs, benefits and cost-effectiveness of horizontal integration 11.7 ICT innovation breakthrough costs 11.8 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 12 Decarbonisation technologies in shipping and the question of transition fuels 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Historical pathways to alternative fuels 12.3 Decarbonisation targets for the sector 12.3.1 IMO targets 12.3.2 European Union Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) 12.3.3 International multilateral banks 12.4 Decarbonisation scenarios 12.4.1 Decarbonisation pathways by regulation 12.4.2 Scrubbers and retrofitting 12.4.3 Low-sulphur fuel/very low sulphur fuel oil/ultralow sulphur fuel 12.4.3.1 Biofuels and alternative fuels 12.5 Conclusions References 13 The advent of shore-based navigation: from vessel traffic services (VTSs) to e-navigation maritime service portfolio (MSP) 13.1 VTS at present 13.2 Types of services in VTS 13.2.1 Information service (INS) 13.2.2 Navigational assistance service 13.2.3 Traffic organization service 13.2.4 Other services (pilotage) 13.3 Equipment and function requirements for VTS 13.4 Fleet operation centres 13.5 E-navigation–a keystone of future maritime developments 13.5.1 The development of e-navigation 13.5.2 E-navigation maritime service portfolios (MSPs) 13.6 Maritime service portfolios 13.6.1 MSP 1 – information service (INS) 13.6.2 MSP 2 – navigational assistance service (NAS) 13.6.3 MSP 3 – traffic organization service (TOS) 13.6.4 MSP 4 – local port service (LPS) 13.6.5 MSP 5 – maritime safety information (MSI) service 13.6.6 MSP 6 – pilotage service 13.6.7 MSP 7 – tugs service 13.6.8 MSP 8 – vessel shore reporting 13.6.9 MSP 9 – telemedical assistance service (TMAS) 13.6.10 MSP 10 – maritime assistance service (MAS) 13.6.11 MSP 11 –nautical chart service 13.6.12 MSP 12 – nautical publications service 13.6.13 MSP 13 – ice navigation service 13.6.14 MSP 14 – meteorological information service 13.6.15 MSP 15 – real-time hydrographic and environmental information service 13.6.16 MSP 16 – search and rescue (SAR) service 13.7 Is e-navigation disruptive technology? 13.7.1 Issue of mixed environment 13.7.1.1 E-navigation-based applications 13.8 Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References Appendix A. VTS/FOC/CSS systems engineering approach to system's architecture A.1 Command and control (C2) subsystem A.1.1 The POINT A.1.1.1 The authorization procedures and start-up of the POINT console presentation A.1.2 Central main server (CMS) subsystem A.1.3 Database subsystem (DBS) A.1.4 Central Archive Server A.1.5 Global Positioning System A.1.6 Output devices (ODVs) (video walls, projectors, printers) A.2 Radar subsystem A.2.1 Radar sensor A.2.2 Radar head processor A.2.2.1 Generation of digital video A.2.2.2 Plot extraction A.3 Electro-optic subsystem A.3.1 Video remote-control server A.3.2 Pan/tilt head A.3.3 IR camera A.3.4 LLLTV camera A.3.5 Digital video recorder A.4 Radio subsystem A.4.1 Instructor station A.4.2 Radar simulator A.4.3 Training operator console A.4.4 Training CMS A.5 Simulation and training subsystem A.6 Site security subsystem (ACS) A.7 Perimetric subsystem A.8 Power supply subsystem Appendix B. VTS/FOC/CSS main functions B.1 Sensors and communications interfaces B.2 Traffic picture handling B.3 Navigational control and traffic management B.4 Decision aids B.5 Presentation management B.6 Database management B.7 Recording and playback B.8 Simulation and training management B.9 Security management B.10 System management Appendix C. Autonomous vessel projects (MASS overview) C.1 Introduction C.2 MASS projects addressing the different segments of the global fleet C.2.1 The maritime unmanned navigation through intelligence in networks (MUNIN) C.2.2 The ReVolt C.2.3 The Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications Initiative (AAWA) C.2.4 The YARA Birkeland C.2.5 The cyber-enabled ship project C.2.6 The autonomous marine operations and systems (AMOS) C.3 Constraints related to the deployment and commercialization of MASS C.3.1 Cybersecurity C.3.2 Communications C.3.3 Testing premises C.3.4 Shore control centres C.3.5 Port safety and security C.3.6 Statutory instruments adaptation C.3.7 VTS interaction C.3.8 Dedicated separation channels C.3.9 Meteorological platform C.3.10 Digital platform C.3.11 Automatic berthing C.3.12 Automated cranes C.3.13 Loading/unloading infrastructure C.3.14 Cargo transfer automation C.3.15 Recharging stations C.4 Links to main existing and ongoing projects References Further reading Index Back Cover
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