Geographies of the Internet
- Length: 382 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Routledge
- Publication Date: 2020-07-28
- ISBN-10: 0367420422
- ISBN-13: 9780367420420
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
This book offers a comprehensive overview of recent research on the internet, emphasizing its spatial dimensions, geospatial applications, and the numerous social and geographic implications such as the digital divide and the mobile internet.
Written by leading scholars in the field, the book sheds light on the origins and the multiple facets of the internet. It addresses the various definitions of cyberspace and the rise of the World Wide Web, draws upon media theory, as well as explores the physical infrastructure such as the global skein of fibre optics networks and broadband connectivity. Several economic dimensions, such as e-commerce, e-tailing, e-finance, e-government, and e-tourism, are also explored. Apart from its most common uses such as Google Earth, social media like Twitter, and neogeography, this volume also presents the internet’s novel uses for ethnographic research and the study of digital diasporas.
Illustrated with numerous graphics, maps, and charts, the book will best serve as supplementary reading for academics, students, researchers, and as a professional handbook for policy makers involved in communications, media, retailing, and economic development.
Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Table of contents Figures Tables Contributors 1 Introduction A brief history of the internet The impacts of the internet Economic impacts Social, behavioral, and psychological impacts Political and governmental impacts Misconceptions about the internet Outline of this volume References Part I Conceiving the history, technology, and geography of the internet 2 Is cyberspace there after all? Meanings of cyberspace Cyberspace and image spaces Relations between cyberspace and physical space Hybrid space: cyberspace and physical space Spatial identity for digital media Conclusion References 3 The World Wide Web as media ecology The components of the web On the origins of hyperlinking Decentralization and the structure of Berners-Lee’s web Web 2.0 and the myth of decentralization References 4 Robustness and the internet: A geographic fiber-optic infrastructure perspective Origins, acquisitions, and current trends Issues and debates Issue 1: Lack of physical infrastructure awareness Unravelling structural complexity The U.S. long-haul fiber map Geography of fiber deployments Issue 2: Lack of understanding of the topological risks Issue 3: Conflicting policies and legislation issues Geographical and technological implications Implications for service providers Enriching the long-haul fiber-optic infrastructure References 5 The history of broadband Broadband platforms Broadband-related innovations Economic benefits Economic growth Employment benefits Productivity impacts Broadband and business presence Social benefits Digital divide Future of broadband References 6 The mobile internet The emergence of the mobile internet Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0 Mobile hardware, infrastructure, and regulation The mobile internet and everyday life Locative technologies Contextual data and the public imaginary Artificial intelligence, anticipatory mobile technologies, and smart(er) spaces Seen and unseen consequences of the mobile internet Uneven digital production of space Emergent digital exclusion Privacy concerns and data security Conclusion References 7 Geographies of the internet in rural areas in developing countries The potential of the internet in rural areas of developing countries The constraints on internet use in rural areas of developing countries Incentives Affordability User capabilities Policies to promote the internet in rural areas of developing countries Affordability User capabilities Relevance/awareness Infrastructure Conclusions Notes References 8 Geographies of global digital divides Theories of the digital divide Factors influencing digital divides Geographies of the digital divide The state of the digital divide in the United States, China, India, Japan, and Africa Implications of the digital divide Concluding remarks References Part II Political economy of the internet 9 The geography of e-commerce Definitions and business models of e-commerce Electronic platforms and business models of e-commerce Economies of scale and network effects: a “winner-take-all” economy The uneven diffusion of e-commerce Tax regimes and the geography of e-commerce Logistics reigns supreme When e-commerce shapes local economic landscapes The disruption of retail trade Toward multichannel and omnichannel commerce E-commerce and rural areas: from digital divide to economic inclusion Conclusion References 10 Online retailing The development of online retailing Alternative online spaces of retail activity Conclusion References 11 Finance and information technologies: Opposite sides of the same coin Finance, territory, information, and technology The foundations of modern finance: financialization, rentierism, and debtfare Finance, deregulation, and information technologies Venture capital and the Internet Bubble The circulation of capital and the production of finance Fintech, virtual currencies, and big data Conclusion References 12 E-tourism Origin and history of e-tourism E-tourism technologies Key conceptual issues and debates about e-tourism Consumer behavior and demand Industry and business functions Geographic and spatial implications of e-tourism Concluding remarks References 13 The state and cyberspace: E-government geographies Summary of e-government applications Theorizing e-government Obstacles to implementing e-government E-government in practice: three east Asian cities Seoul Singapore Shanghai Concluding thoughts References 14 A geography of the internet in China Growth of the internet and the digital divide in China Geography of the internet in China Application of the internet: e-commerce and its geography Controversies and challenges to the internet in China Conclusion References Part III The internet in everyday life 15 Google Earth Spatial thinking Google Earth in education Google Earth in personal applications Google Earth in public service/government Google Earth in commercial applications Google Earth looking forward Summary References 16 Augmented Reality: An overview Definition Technology Display technology Interaction technology Tracking and registration Applications History Pre-1980s early experimentation 1980s–1990s basic research 1990s–2000s tools/application development Commercialization Research directions Conclusions References 17 Twitter History of location tagging Crowdsourced geographic information The challenge of classification: VGI or something else? Implicit vs. explicit spatial information How Twitter is used Challenges of using Twitter data Demographic and spatial bias Computational dilemmas Privacy Twitter data and social disparity Conclusion References 18 Neogeography Tracing the birth of neogeography Debates on neogeography Spatial data and spatial narratives Social and political implications of neogeography Subjectivities and subjective experiences Conclusion References 19 Ethnographic research and the internet The beginnings of internet research in academia Internet images, video, and ethnography Smartphones, social media, and access in ethnographic research The internet, emotion/affect, and fandoms Ethics in online ethnographic research References 20 Cyber-spatial cartographies of digital diasporas Digital diasporas Digital diasporic community Cosmonational digital social practices Politics and foreign policy Digital cosmonational public sphere Race and digital diasporas New social media Cyber-spatial cartography Acknowledgements References 21 Wearable internet for wellness and health: Interdigital territories of new technology Defining wearable technologies A brief history of wearable technologies Wearable computers Self-quantification in the 18th century Wearable cameras in the 20th century The new territories of Wearable Technology Ultimate wearable devices for wellbeing Wearable medical instruments Bodily implanted interdigital devices BAN and WBAN How does Wearable Technology work? Miniaturized components Sensors and the reliability of measurement Continuous and intermittent monitoring Bluetooth and the wearable internet From simple to complex features Companion apps The wearable internet: controversial issues Wellness coaching: attitudinal and behavioral challenges Personal sousveillance and the quantified self Expanding the physical and the mental territories of health care and wellbeing Medical wearable devices: organ and body data WT and artificial intelligence The need for regulation Why patients cannot access their own data Conclusions References 22 The Internet of Things Definition of the IoT Origins and history The technology The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Applications Spatial and geographic implications Challenges Conclusion References Index
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