Frontiers in Optics and Photonics

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Contents
Preface
1 Disorder effects in nitride semiconductors: impact on fundamental and device properties
    1 Introduction
    2 Why do we need to consider disorder effects in nitride LEDs?
    3 Experimental evidence of directly observable disorder-induced effects
    4 Experimental evidence of indirectly observed disorder-induced effects
    5 The efficiency loss, “droop”, at high current densities in nitride LEDs—the role of disorder
    6 A prerequisite to simulations: the microscopic description of the simulated structures
    7 Which quantities are to be modeled?—issues in their measurements
    8 Simulation of LEDs—without disorder taken into account
    9 Modeling the disordered potential induced by alloy compositional fluctuations
    10 Simulations of optical spectra
    11 Simulations of the ABC recombination parameters
    12 LED modeling taking disorder into account
    13 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Ultralow threshold blue quantum dot lasers: what’s the true recipe for success?
    1 Introduction
    2 Gain material
    3 Modal engineering
    4 Conclusion
    References
    Notes
Waiting for Act 2: what lies beyond organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays for organic electronics?
    1 An introduction to organic electronics
    2 OLEDs for lighting
    3 Organic solar cells
    4 Organic transistors and beyond
    5 Conclusions
    References
    Notes
Waveguide combiners for mixed reality headsets: a nanophotonics design perspective
    Glossary of Terms, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
    1 Introduction
    2 The emergence of MR as the next computing platform
        2.1 Wearable, visual, vestibular, and social comfort
        2.2 Display immersion
    3 Functional optical building blocks of an MR headset
        3.1 Display engine optical architectures
        3.2 Combiner optics and exit pupil expansion
    4 Waveguide combiners
        4.1 Curved waveguide combiners and a single exit pupil
        4.2 Continuum from flat to curved waveguides and extractor mirrors
        4.3 One-dimensional EB expansion
        4.4 Two-dimensional EB expansion
        4.5 Choosing the right waveguide coupler technology
    5 Design and modeling of optical waveguide combiners
        5.1 Waveguide coupler design, optimization, and modeling
        5.2 High-level waveguide-combiner design
    6 Conclusion
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
On-chip broadband nonreciprocal light storage
    1 Introduction
    2 Results
        2.1 Experimental setup
        2.2 Nonreciprocal Brillouin light storage
    3 Conclusion and outlook
    4 Materials and methods
        4.1 Experimental setup for nonreciprocal light storage
        4.2 Storage medium
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
High-Q nanophotonics: sculpting wavefronts with slow light
    1 Introduction
    2 Design methodologies for sculpting free-space light with resonant nanoantennas
    3 Summary and outlook
    References
    Notes
Thermoelectric graphene photodetectors with sub-nanosecond response times at terahertz frequencies
    1 Introduction
    2 Results and discussion
    3 Conclusions
    4 Methods
        4.1 Sample characterization
        4.2 Optical measurements
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
High-performance integrated graphene electro-optic modulator at cryogenic temperature
    1 Introduction
    2 Graphene-silicon nitride electro-absorption ring modulator
    3 Results
    4 Discussion
    5 Conclusion
    Methods
    Acknowledgment
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Asymmetric photoelectric effect: Auger-assisted hot hole photocurrents in transition metal dichalcogenides
    1 Introduction
    2 Photocurrents in encapsulated TMDs
    3 Physics of photocurrents
    4 Outlook
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary material
    Notes
Seeing the light in energy use
    References
    Notes
A high-repetition rate attosecond light source for time-resolved coincidence spectroscopy
    1 Introduction
    2 XUV light source and pump-probe setup
        2.1 Laser source characterization
        2.2 XUV-IR interferometer
        2.3 Gas target
        2.4 High-order harmonic generation
        2.5 3D photoelectron/ion spectrometer
    3 XUV-IR interferometry in the few attosecond pulse regime
    4 Single-photon double ionization
    5 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Fast laser speckle suppression with an intracavity diffuser
    1 Introduction
    2 Degenerate cavity laser configurations
    3 Ultrafast speckle suppression
    4 Conclusion
    5 Methods
        5.1 Detailed experimental setup
        5.2 Numerical simulation
        5.3 Measurement of speckle contrast
        5.4 Total output power of the DCL configurations
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Active optics with silk Silk structural changes as enablers of active optical devices
    1 Introduction
    2 Silk for active optics
    3 Active optical devices
        3.1 Reconfigurable optics
        3.2 Reversibly tunable optics
        3.3 Physically transient optics
    4 Conclusion and outlook
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Nanolaser arrays: toward application-driven dense integration
    1 Introduction
    2 Interaction between two nanolasers
        2.1 Creation of supermodes
        2.2 Analysis of nonlinear dynamics
        2.3 Mode selection and switching
        2.4 Cross talk isolation
    3 Nanolaser arrays
        3.1 Uncoupled arrays‌
        3.2 Coupled arrays
    4 Conclusion and future outlook
        4.1 Phase-locked laser arrays
        4.2 Ultrashort pulse generation
    References
    Notes
Two-dimensional spectroscopy on a THz quantum cascade structure
    1 Introduction
    2 Materials and methods
        2.1 Sample and measurements
        2.2 Simulation model
    3 Results
    4 Discussion
    5 Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References
    Notes
Homogeneous quantum cascade lasers operating as terahertz frequency combs over their entire operational regime
    1 Introduction
    2 Results and discussion
    3 Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Toward new frontiers for terahertz quantum cascade laser frequency combs
    1 Introduction
    2 Quantum cascade laser frequency combs at THz frequencies: architectures and performances
    3 Characterization techniques
        3.1 Applications and perspectives
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Soliton dynamics of ring quantum cascade lasers with injected signal
    1 Introduction
    2 The model
    3 Homogeneous stationary solution and its stability
        3.1 Hopf instability
        3.2 Modulational instability
    4 Optical solitons
        4.1 Phase solitons
        4.2 Cavity solitons
    5 Cavity soliton encoding and interaction
        5.1 Switching
        5.2 Interaction
        5.3 CS manipulation
    6 Conclusion and perspectives
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Propagation stability in optical fibers: role of path memory and angular momentum
    1 Introduction
    2 Mode classifications and fiber perturbations
        2.1 Mode classifications
        2.2 Fiber perturbations
    3 Propagation stability experiments
    4 Geometric phase control
    5 Discussion, summary, and conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Perspective on using multiple orbital-angular-momentum beams for enhanced capacity in free-space optical communication links
    1 Introduction
    2 Mitigation of modal coupling and channel crosstalk
    3 Free-space links
    4 “Why use OAM? Should both modal indices be used?”
    5 Photonic integration and component ecosystem
    6 Novel beams
    7 Quantum communications
    8 Different frequency ranges
    9 Optical fiber transmission
    10 Summary
    References
    Notes
A fiber optic–nanophotonic approach to the detection of antibodies and viral particles of COVID-19
    1 Introduction
    2 Biophotonic SARS-CoV-2 detection schemes
        2.1 Fiber-optical antibody tests
        2.2 Using a cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) platform for enhancing detection for antibodies via fluorescence
        2.3 Photonic PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection
    3 Bioconjugate techniques
    4 Discussion
    Acknowledgments
    Appendix B Whispering gallery modes
    References
    Notes
Plasmonic control of drug release efficiency in agarose gel loaded with gold nanoparticle assemblies
    1 Introduction
    2 Materials and methods
        2.1 Samples
        2.2 Pump-probe measurements
        2.3 Optical simulations
        2.4 Thermal simulations
        2.5 Drug delivery experiment
    3 Results and discussions
        3.1 Gold nanoparticles characterization
        3.2 Tracking photothermal dynamics in plasmonic gels
        3.3 Photothermal drug release study
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Metasurfaces for biomedical applications: imaging and sensing from a nanophotonics perspective
    1 Introduction
    2 Fundamentals of metasurfaces
        2.1 Governing equations
        2.2 Design principles
        2.3 Fabrication techniques
    3 Bioimaging
        3.1 Chiral imaging
        3.2 Endoscopic OCT
        3.3 Fluorescent imaging
        3.4 Super-resolution imaging
        3.5 Magnetic resonance imaging
        3.6 Quantitative phase imaging
    4 Biosensing
        4.1 Antibodies and proteins
        4.2 DNA detections
        4.3 Cells
        4.4 Cancer biomarkers
    5 Future directions
    6 Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Hyperbolic dispersion metasurfaces for molecular biosensing
    1 Introduction
    2 Enabling highly tunable engineering of the optical density of states in multifunctional hyperbolic nanocavities for biosensing applications
    3 Extreme sensitivity biosensing platform based on HMMs
        3.1 Grating-coupled HMM-based multimode biosensor
        3.2 Biomolecular sensing at the interface between chiral metasurfaces and HMMs
    4 Type I HMM-based biosensor
        4.1 Type I HMMs: gold nanopillars for high-sensitivity LSPR sensors
        4.2 Prism-coupled HMM-based tunable biosensor
    5 Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
A Tutorial on the Classical Theories of Electromagnetic Scattering and Diffraction
    1 Introduction
    2 Maxwell’s equations
    3 The Green function
    4  The Huygens-Fresnel-Kirchhoff theory of diffraction. 1 , 2 , 3 , 9
        Example.
    5 The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld theory.
    6 Vector diffraction.
        Example 1.
        Example 2.
        Example 3.
        Example 4.
    7 Sommerfeld’s analysis of diffraction from a perfectly conducting half-plane.
        7.1 The magnetic field.
    8 Far field scattering and the optical theorem.
    9  Scattering from weak inhomogeneities. 9
    10 Neutron scattering from magnetic electrons in Born’s first approximation.
        Example 1
        Example 2
    11 Concluding remarks.
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Reflectionless excitation of arbitrary photonic structures: a general theory
    1 Introduction
        1.1 Reflectionless excitation of resonant structures
        1.2 Limitations of critical coupling concept
    2 The generalized reflection matrix, R-zeros, and RSMs
        2.1 The scattering matrix
        2.2 Coherent perfect absorption
        2.3 Generalized reflection matrix and R-zeros
        2.4 The RSM concept
        2.5 Wave operator theory of zeros of the S-matrix and generalized reflection matrix
    3 Properties of R-zeros and RSMs
        3.1 General properties
        3.2 Symmetry properties of R-zeros and RSMs
    4 Applications of R-zero/RSM theory
        4.1 Relationship to coupled mode theory
        4.2 Reflectionless states in complex structures: examples
        4.3 Solution method for R-zero/RSM problems
    5 Summary and outlook
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Multiobjective and categorical global optimization of photonic structures based on ResNet generative neural networks
    1 Introduction
    2 Method
        2.1 Transfer matrix method solver
        2.2 Res-GLOnet algorithm
        2.3 Enforcing categorical constraints
        2.4 ResNet generator
    3 Optimization of an antireflection coating
    4 Optimization of the incandescent light bulb filter
    5 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Machine learning–assisted global optimization of photonic devices
    1 Introduction
    2 Optimization problem
    3 Conditional AAEs for rapid design generation
    4 AAE-assisted global optimization
    5 Physics-driven compressed space engineering
    6 Conclusion
    Appendix 1 c-AAE for design production
        Encoder
        Decoder
        Discriminator
    Appendix 2 c-VGGnet structure
    Appendix 3 Time requirement for training set generation, training of the networks
    References
    Notes
Artificial neural networks for inverse design of resonant nanophotonic components with oscillatory loss landscapes
    1 Introduction
    2 Predicting the transmission spectra of simple resonators
    3 Inverse design in an oscillatory loss landscape
    4 Comparison with other search algorithms
    5 More general resonant devices
    6 Conclusion
    Acknowledgement
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Adjoint-optimized nanoscale light extractor for nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
    1 Introduction
    2 Figure of merit for broadband NV emission extraction
    3 Adjoint-optimization method
    4 Designing the nanoscale light extractor
    5 Results
    6 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Non-Hermitian and topological photonics: optics at an exceptional point
    1 Introduction
    2 Non-Hermitian photonics and PT symmetry
        2.1 Lasers and non-Hermitian symmetry breaking
        2.2 PT-symmetric metamaterials and non-Hermitian cloaking
        2.3 Nonlinear effects in non-Hermitian systems
    3 Exceptional points in optics
        3.1 Enhancement effects around EPs
        3.2 Encircling EPs and mode conversion
        3.3 Symmetries and topology meet EPs
    4 Non-Hermitian topological physics
        4.1 Topological lasers
        4.2 Non-Hermitian symmetries and topology
        4.3 Non-Hermitian bulk-edge correspondence and non-Hermitian skin effects
        4.4 Higher-order non-Hermitian topological effects
    5 Summary
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Topological photonics: Where do we go from here?
    1 Introduction
    2 The road to topological photonics
    3 Photonic realizations of fundamental topological models
    4 Topological photonics in tailored lattices
    5 Topological photonics in synthetic space
    6 Topological quantum photonics
    7 Non-Hermitian topological photonics
    8 Topological insulator laser
    9 Conclusions
    References
    Notes
Topological nanophotonics for photoluminescence control
    Objectives
    Methods
    Results
    Conclusions
    1 Introduction
    2 Results and discussion
    3 Conclusion and outlook
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Anomalous Anderson localization behavior in gain-loss balanced non-Hermitian systems
    1 Introduction
    2 Gain-loss balanced random media
    3 Anomalous Anderson localization behaviors
    4 The origin of anomalous Anderson localization behaviors
    5 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary material
    Notes
Quantum computing and simulation Where we stand and what awaits us
    1 Introduction
    2 Scalable quantum computers
    3 Noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices
    4 Analog quantum devices
    5 Conclusions
    References
    Notes
NIST-certified secure key generation via deep learning of physical unclonable functions in silica aerogels
    1 Introduction
    2 Results
        2.1 All-optical PUFs with aerogels
        2.2 Two-step key generation via deep learning
        2.3 Experimental results on PUF key generation and NIST validation
    3 Discussion
    References
    Notes
Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn (TRK) sum rule for interacting photons
    1 Introduction
        1.1 A brief history of sum rules in quantum mechanics
        1.2 Summary of our main results
    2 Sum rule for interacting photons
    3 Applications
        3.1 Quantum Rabi model
        3.2 Nonlinear electromagnetic resonator
        3.3 Frequency conversion in ultrastrong cavity QED
    4 TRK sum rule for atoms interacting with photons
    5 Discussion
    Acknowledgments
    Appendix: A Linear response theory and transmission of a nonlinear optical system
    References
    Notes
Macroscopic QED for quantum nanophotonics: emitter-centered modes as a minimal basis for multiemitter problems
    1 Introduction
    2 Theory
        2.1 Minimal coupling
        2.2 Multipolar coupling
        2.3 External (classical) fields
        2.4 Emitter-centered modes
    3 Example
    4 Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Generation and dynamics of entangled fermion–photon–phonon states in nanocavities
    1 Introduction
    2 A coupled quantized electron–photon–phonon system: the model
        2.1 The fermion subsystem
        2.2 Quantized EM modes of a cavity
        2.3 The quantized phonon field
        2.4 An atom coupled to quantized EM and phonon fields
        2.5 An atom coupled to the quantized EM field and dressed by a classical acoustic field
    3 Parametric resonance in a closed system
    4 Dynamics of an open electron–photon–phonon system
        4.1 Stochastic evolution equation
        4.2 Evolution of the state amplitudes and observables
        4.3 Emission spectra
        4.4 Relaxation rates
    5 Classical acoustic or mechanical oscillations
    6 Separation and interplay of the parametric and one-photon resonance
    7 Control of entangled states
    8 Conclusions
    Appendix A The stochastic equation of evolution for the state vector
    1. From Heisenberg–Langevin equations to the stochastic equation for the state vector
    2. Noise correlator
    3. Comparison with the Lindblad method
    4. Relaxation rates for coupled subsystems interacting with a reservoir
    5. Including purely elastic dephasing processes
    References
    Notes
Polaritonic Tamm states induced by cavity photons
    1 Introduction
    2 Model
        2.1 Dipolar Hamiltonian
        2.2 Polaritonic Hamiltonian
    3 Polaritonic Tamm states
    4 Conclusion
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Recent progress in engineering the Casimir effect – applications to nanophotonics, nanomechanics, and chemistry
    1 Introduction
    2 Effect of dielectric response
    3 Effect of geometry
    4 Optical anisotropy and the Casimir torque
    5 Nonequilibrium systems
    6 Generation of photons from vacuum
    7 Vacuum fluctuation chemistry
    8 Applications to nanotechnology
    9 Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Enhancement of rotational vacuum friction by surface photon tunneling
    1 Introduction
    2 Resonances in a rotating nanosphere near a surface
    3 Vacuum friction between a BST nanosphere and a BST plate
    4 Effects of surface coating
    5 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Shrinking the surface plasmon
    Acknowledgements
    References
    Notes
Polariton panorama
    Acknowlegements
    References
    Notes
Scattering of a single plasmon polariton by multiple atoms for in-plane control of light
    1 Introduction
    2 Mathematical formulation
    3 Results
        3.1 Subscattering and superscattering
        3.2 Perfect atom cloaking
        3.3 Large structures
    4 Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References
    Notes
A metasurface-based diamond frequency converter using plasmonic nanogap resonators
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Selective excitation of individual nanoantennas by pure spectral phase control in the ultrafast coherent regime
    1 Introduction
    2 The initial coherent regime
    3 Closed-loop coherent control of pairs of nanoantennas
    4 Conclusions
    5 Methods
    References
    Notes
Semiconductor quantum plasmons for high frequency thermal emission
    1 Introduction
    2 Volume plasmons in highly doped semiconductor layers
    3 Superradiance, perfect absorption
    4 High frequency incandescent emission
    5 Conclusions and perspectives
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Origin of dispersive line shapes in plasmon-enhanced stimulated Raman scattering microscopy
    1 Introduction
    2 Theory
    3 Result and discussion
    4 Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Epitaxial aluminum plasmonics covering full visible spectrum
    1 Introduction
    2 Epitaxial growth and structural properties
    3 Optical properties
    4 Surface white light interface and plasmon propagation length
    5 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
    6 Plasmonic surface lattice
    7 Conclusions and outlook
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Metamaterials with high degrees of freedom: space, time, and more
    1 Main text
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
The road to atomically thin metasurface optics
    1 A brief historical perspective of passive metasurfaces
    2 Metasurfaces in optoelectronic devices
    3 Open challenges and opportunities for metasurfaces
    4 2D, or not 2D, that is the question
    5 The imminent fusion of 2D metasurface optics and 2D vdW metasurfaces
    6 Conclusions and outlook
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Active nonlocal metasurfaces
    1 Introduction
    2 Metasurfaces supporting quasi-bound states in the continuum
    3 Free-space thermo-optic modulators
    4 Wavefront-shaping modulators
    5 Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Giant midinfrared nonlinearity based on multiple quantum well polaritonic metasurfaces
    1 Introduction
    2 Discussion
        2.1 MQW parameters for high SHG efficiency
        2.2 Metasurface parameters for high SHG efficiency
    3 Results and discussion
        3.1 Surface lattice resonance
        3.2 Nonetched L-shaped nanocavities
        3.3 Etched MQWs without metallic nanoantennas
        3.4 Etched arrow-shape MS
    4 Conclusions
    5 Methods
        5.1 Nonlinear simulations including saturation effects
    Acknowledgements
    References
    Notes
Near-field plates and the near zone of metasurfaces
    1 Introduction
    2 The near field and evanescent waves
        2.1 Localized charges and currents
        2.2 Sources behind a plane: cylindrical and Cartesian waves, and exponential decay
    3 One-dimensional metasurfaces and near-field plates
    4 Modulated grating and single-aperture near-field plates
    5 Pair of parallel near-field plates
    6 Conclusions
    References
    Notes
High-efficiency metadevices for bifunctional generations of vectorial optical fields
    1 Introduction
    2 Results and discussions
        2.1 Basic concept
        2.2 Verifications by GF calculations on an ideal model
        2.3 Meta-atom designs
        2.4 Experimental demonstrations
    3 Conclusions and perspectives
    4 Materials and methods
        4.1 Numerical simulations
        4.2 Sample fabrications
        4.3 Experimental setup
    Acknowledgements
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Printing polarization and phase at the optical diffraction limit: near- and far-field optical encryption
    1 Introduction
    2 Design and fabrication
    3 Results and discussion
    4 Conclusion
    5 Methods
        5.1 Fabrication processes
        5.2 Measurement setup
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Notes
Optical response of jammed rectangular nanostructures
    1 Introduction
    2 Random close packing
    3 Point process statistical analysis
    4 Strong contrast expansion of the effective dielectric constant
    5 Conclusion
    References
    Supplementary Material
    Notes
Dynamic phase-change metafilm absorber for strong designer modulation of visible light
    1 Introduction
    2 Results
        2.1 Design of near-unity absorptions in a dynamic phase-change metafilm absorber
        2.2 Underlying physics of tunable phase-change effects using Ag nanobeams
        2.3 Versatile optical applications and design extensibility
    3 Conclusion
    4 Experimental section
        4.1 Sample fabrication
        4.2 Material property measurement
        4.3 Temperature-controlled bright field backscattering spectroscopy and imaging
        4.4 Numerical simulation
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary material
    Notes
Arbitrary polarization conversion for pure vortex generation with a single metasurface
    1 Introduction
    2 Methods
    3 Phase and amplitude control
    4 Pure vortex generation
    5 Discussion
    Acknowledgements
    References
    Supplementary material
    Notes
Enhanced harmonic generation in gases using an all-dielectric metasurface
    1 Introduction
    2 Device principles
    3 Experiments
    4 Discussion and outlook
    References
    Notes
Monolithic metasurface spatial differentiator enabled by asymmetric photonic spin-orbit interactions
    1 Introduction
    2 Theoretical analyses
    3 Simulation and sample fabrication
    4 Results and discussion
    5 Conclusions
    Acknowledgments
    References
    Supplementary material
    Notes