Foundations of Computing: Essential for Computing Studies, Profession And Entrance Examinations – 5th Edition
- Length: 744 pages
- Edition: 5
- Language: English
- Publisher: BPB Publications
- Publication Date: 2022-12-12
- ISBN-10: 9355512546
- ISBN-13: 9789355512543
- Sales Rank: #5475318 (See Top 100 Books)
If you wish to have a bright future in any profession today, you cannot ignore having sound foundation in Information Technology (IT). Hence, you cannot ignore to have this book because it provides comprehensive coverage of all important topics in IT. Foundations of Computing is designed to introduce through a single book the important concepts of the Foundation Courses in Computer Science (CS), Computer Applications (CA), and Information Technology (IT) programs taught at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
What you will learn
- Characteristics, Evolution and Classification of computers.
- Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal Number systems, Computer codes and Binary arithmetic.
- Boolean algebra, Logic gates, Flip-Flops, and Design of Combinational and Sequential Circuits.
- Computer architecture, including design of CPU, Memory, Secondary storage, and I/O devices.
- Computer software, how to acquire software, and the commonly used tools and techniques for planning, developing, implementing, and operating software systems.
- Programming languages, Operating systems, Communication technologies, Computer networks, Multimedia computing, and Information security.
- Database and Data Science technologies.
- The Internet, Internet of Things (IoT), E-Governance, Geo- informatics, Medical Informatics, Bioinformatics, and many more.
Who this book is for
- Students of CS, CA and IT will find the book suitable for use as a textbook or reference book.
- Professionals will find it suitable for use as a reference book for topics in CS, CA and IT.
- Applicants preparing for various entrance tests and competitive examinations will find it suitable for clearing their concepts of CS, CA and IT.
- Anyone else interested in developing a clear understanding of the important concepts of various topics in CS, CA and IT will also find this book useful.
Cover Page Half-Title Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents LETTER TO READERS PREFACE Acknowledgement ABOUT LECTURE NOTES PRESENTATION SLIDES ABBREVIATIONS CHAPTER 1: CHARACTERISTICS, EVOLUTION, AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER What is a Computer? Characteristics of Computers Evolution of Computers Computer Generations First Generation (1942-1955) Second Generation (1955-1964) Third Generation (1964-1975) Fourth Generation (1975-1989) Fifth Generation (1989-Present) Classification of Computers Notebook Computers (Laptops) Personal Computers (PCs) Workstations Mainframe Systems Supercomputers Client and Server Computers Handheld Computers Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 2: INTERNAL DATA REPRESENTATION IN COMPUTERS Number Systems Used in Computers Binary Number System Octal Number System Hexadecimal Number System Converting from One Number System to Another Converting from Another Base to Decimal Converting from Decimal to Another Base (Division-Remainder Technique) Converting from a Base Other Than 10 to Another Base Other Than 10 Shortcut Method for Binary to Octal Conversion Shortcut Method for Octal to Binary Conversion Shortcut Method for Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion Shortcut Method for Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion Fractional Numbers Character Coding Schemes BCD Code EBCDIC Zoned and Packed Decimal Numbers ASCII Unicode Collating Sequence Binary Arithmetic Why Binary? Binary Addition Binary Subtraction Binary Multiplication Binary Division Why Do Computers Use Additive Method? Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 3: DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESIGN Boolean Algebra Fundamental Concepts of Boolean Algebra Postulates of Boolean Algebra The Principle of Duality Theorems of Boolean Algebra Boolean Functions Minimization of Boolean Functions by Algebraic Manipulations Complement of a Function Canonical Forms of Boolean Functions Conversion between Canonical Forms Minimization of Boolean Functions by Map Simplification Logic Gates Logic Circuits Converting Expressions to Logic Circuits The Universal NAND Gate The Universal NOR Gate Design of Combinational Circuits Design of Half-Adder Design of Full-Adder A Parallel Binary Adder Flip-Flops Types of Flip-flops Excitation Tables Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops Master-Slave Flip-Flop Uses of Flip-flops Sequential Circuits Flip-flop Input Equations State Table State Diagram Design of Sequential Circuits Design of Binary Counter Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 4 : COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Basic Functions of a Computer Basic Computer Organization Basic Functional Units System Concept Basic Processor and Memory Architecture CPU Architectures Basic Components of CPU CPU Instruction Set CPU Registers Processor Speed Types of Processors Memory Architectures Storage Evaluation Criteria Main Memory Organization Main Memory Capacity Types of Memory Chips Minimizing Memory-Processor Speed Mismatch Cache Memory Memory Interleaving Hybrid Approach Memory and I/O Buses Memory Buses I/O Buses Interconnection Architectures Unibus Architecture Dual Bus Architecture DMA Architecture Multiprocessor System Architectures Shared Memory Systems Distributed Memory Systems Parallel Processing Systems Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 5: SECONDARY STORAGE Classification of Secondary Storage Magnetic Tapes Basic Principles of Operation Types of Magnetic Tapes Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Tapes Uses of Magnetic Tapes Magnetic Disks Basic Principles of Operation Types of Magnetic Disks Advantages and Limitations of Magnetic Disks Uses of Magnetic Disks Optical Disks Basic Principles of Operation Types of Optical Disks Advantages and Limitations of Optical Disks Uses of Optical Disks Memory Storage Devices Solid State Drive (SSD) Flash Drive (Pen Drive) Memory Card (SD/MMC) RAM Disk Hybrid Secondary Storage Drives Mass Storage Devices Disk Array Automated Tape Library CD-ROM Jukebox RAID Storage RAID Techniques RAID Levels Storage Interfaces SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) Fiber Channel (FC) FireWire iSCSI (Internet SCSI) FC versus iSCSI DAS, SAN, and NAS DAS (Direct Attached Storage) SAN (Storage Area Network) NAS (Network Attached Storage) Data Backup What is Data Backup? Why Backup Data? Types of Backup Backup Policy Backup versus Archiving Hierarchical Storage System (HSS) On-line, Near-line, and Off-line Storage Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM) Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 6: INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES Input Devices Keyboard Devices Point-and-Draw Devices Data Scanning Devices Digitizer Electronic-card Reader Speech Recognition Devices Vision-Input Systems Output Devices Monitors Printers Plotters 3D Printers Computer Output Microfilm (COM) Screen Image Projector Voice Response Systems Ergonomically Designed Devices I/O Interfaces Device Controllers Serial and Parallel Ports SCSI Interface USB (Universal Serial Bus) Standard Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 7: SOFTWARE Basic Concepts and Terminologies What is Software? Relationship between Hardware and Software Types of Software Logical System Architecture Firmware Middleware Acquiring Software Buying Pre-written Software Ordering Customized Software Developing Customized Software Downloading Public-domain Software Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Advantages of SDLC Model Limitations of SDLC Model Lightweight SDLC Models Software Design Approaches Software Implementation Software Testing and Debugging What are Testing and Debugging? Types of Program Errors Debugging a Program for Syntax Errors Debugging a Program for Logic Errors Software Testing Concepts Testing Methodologies Test-set-generation Techniques Test-case-selection Techniques Software Deployment Changeover Operations Changeover Methods System Evaluation Software Maintenance Definition Need for Software Maintenance Types of Software Maintenance Importance of Software Maintenance Controlling Modifications Tools for Effective Software Maintenance Software Documentation What is Documentation? Need for Documentation Forms of Documentation Documentation Standard Software Engineering What is Software Engineering? Need for Software Engineering Goals of Software Engineering Principles of Software Engineering Some Popular Application Software Packages Word-processing Package Spreadsheet Package Graphics Package Personal-assistance Package Education Software Entertainment Software Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 8: PLANNING THE COMPUTER PROGRAM Purpose of Program Planning Algorithm What is an Algorithm? Sample Algorithms Quality of Algorithms Representation of Algorithms Flowcharts What is a Flowchart? Why Use Flowcharts? Flowchart Symbols Sample Flowcharts Levels of Flowcharts Flowcharting Rules Advantages and Limitations of Flowcharts Decision Tables What is a Decision Table? Sample Decision Table Advantages and Limitations of Decision Tables Pseudocode What is Pseudocode? Pseudocodes for Basic Logic (Control) Structures Sample Pseudocode Indentation Advantages and Limitations of Pseudocode Data Structures Types of Data Structures Array Linked List Stack Queue Hash Table Tree Binary Tree Binary Search Tree Graph Heap Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 9: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Analogy with Natural Languages Machine Language Advantages and Limitations of Machine Language Assembly Language Assembler Advantages of Assembly Language over Machine Language Limitations of Assembly Language Typical Uses of Assembly Language Assembly Languages with Macro Instructions High-level Language Compiler Linker Interpreter Intermediate Language Compiler and Interpreter Advantages and Limitations of High-level Languages Object-Oriented Languages What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)? Fundamental Concepts of OOP Key Elements of Object-Oriented Paradigm Procedure-oriented versus Object-oriented Programming Advantages of OOP Some High-level Languages Dealing with So Many High-level Languages Why So Many High-level Languages? Characteristics of a Good Programming Language Selecting a Language for Coding an Application Other Types of Languages Scripting Languages Fourth and Fifth Generation Languages (4GLs and 5GLs) Markup Languages Interface Definition Languages (IDL) Other Related Concepts Subprogram Preprocessor Postprocessor Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 10: OPERATING SYSTEMS Basic Concepts What is an Operating System? Main Functions of an Operating System Measuring System Performance Process Management Process Management in Early Systems Multiprogramming Multitasking Multithreading Multiprocessing Time-sharing Mutual Exclusion Deadlock Memory Management Uniprogramming Memory Model Multiprogramming Memory Models Memory Fragmentation Paging Virtual Memory File Management File Structure File Access Methods File Operations File Naming Directories Disk Space Allocation Methods Device Management Controlling I/O Devices Simple and Easy User Interface to I/O Devices Spooling Command Interpretation Shell Operating System Structure Layered Structure Kernel Monolithic Kernel versus Microkernel Resident and Non-Resident Operating System Modules OS Capability Enhancement Software Translating Programs Library Programs Utility Programs Some Popular Operating Systems UNIX MS-DOS Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows Server (Earlier Known as Windows NT) Linux Mac OS iOS WatchOS Android OS Real-time, Network and Distributed Operating Systems Real-time Operating Systems Network and Distributed Operating Systems Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 11: DATABASE AND DATA SCIENCE Data versus Information Data Storage Hierarchy Standard Methods of Organizing Data File-oriented Approach Database-oriented Approach File Management System File Types File Organizations File Utilities Database Management System Database Models Main Components of a DBMS Creating and Using a Database Database Security Client-Server Database Systems Distributed Database Systems Active Database Systems Multimedia Database Systems Requirements for Multimedia Database Systems Data Science Stages in Data Science Data Warehousing Need for a Data Warehouse Building a Data Warehouse Data Warehousing Terminologies Data Mining Classification of Data Mining Algorithms Data Mining Techniques Data Warehousing versus Data Mining Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 12: DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER NETWORKS Basic Concepts Basic Elements of a Communication System Data Transmission Modes Data Transmission Speed Data Transmission Media Digital and Analog Data Transmission Modulation Techniques Modems Analog versus Digital Transmission Data Transmission Services Communication Processors Multiplexers Concentrators Front-End Processors (FEP) Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Transmission Synchronous Transmission Switching Techniques Circuit Switching Message Switching Packet Switching Routing Techniques Place Where Routing Decisions are Made Static and Dynamic Routing Network Topologies Network Types (PAN, LAN, CAN, MAN, and WAN) Communication Protocols Roles of a Communication Protocol Concept of Layered Protocols in Network Design Network Interface Card (NIC) The OSI Model Example of Message Transfer in the OSI Model Internetworking Tools Wireless Networks Types of Wireless Computing Systems Issues in Wireless Computing Systems Wireless Applications Wireless Communication Technologies Wireless Technologies and Standards Distributed Computing Systems Grid Computing Cloud Computing Grid versus Cloud Service Layers of Cloud Computing Types of Clouds Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 13: THE INTERNET AND INTERNET OF THINGS Definition and History Its Basic Services Electronic Mail File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Telnet Usenet News The World Wide Web (WWW) WWW Browsers Web Services Internet Search Engines Major Elements of Internet Search Engines Types of Internet Search Engines Some Popular Internet Search Engines Uses of the Internet Other Related Concepts Intranet Proxy Server Internet Telephony Microbrowser Next Generation Internet Protocol (IPV6) Internet of Things (IoT) Benefits of IoT IoT Applications (Uses of IoT) Challenges in Adoption of IoT Points to Remember Question CHAPTER 14: MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING What is Multimedia? What is a Multimedia Computer System? Multimedia Components Text Graphics Animation Audio Video Multimedia Applications Applications in Education Sector Applications in Entertainment Sector Applications in Corporate Sector Applications in Science and Engineering Sector Data Compression Types of Compression Techniques Basic Compression Techniques Some Standard Multimedia Compression Techniques Multimedia Synchronization Temporal Specification Temporal Synchronization Media Center Computer Media Center PC Features and Functionalities Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 15: INFORMATION SECURITY Security Policies versus Mechanisms Security Goals External, Internal, and Communication Security Potential Attacks to Computer Systems Passive Attacks Active Attacks Cryptography Basic Concepts and Terminologies Basic Requirements Symmetric and Asymmetric Cryptosystems Authentication What is Authentication? Types of Authentication Needed Approaches to Authentication User Login Authentication One-way Authentication of Communicating Entities Two-way Authentication of Communicating Entities Access Control What is Access Control? Access Control Terminologies Protection Domains Access Matrix Implementation of Access Matrix as Access Control Lists Digital Signature Firewall What is a Firewall? Types of Firewalls Advantages and Limitations of Firewalls Software Piracy Protection What is Software Piracy? Mechanisms to Protect Software Piracy e-Mail Security Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Spam E-mail and Anti-spam Software IP Security (IPSec) What is IPSec? IPSec Functionality IPSec Features Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) SSL Connection and Session SSL Architecture SSL Record Protocol SSL Change Cipher Spec Protocol SSL Alert Protocol SSL Handshake Protocol Transport Layer Security (TLS) Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) Parties Involved in an Electronic Transaction An Electronic Transaction Process Security Requirements of an Electronic Transaction Process How SET Meets These Security Requirements? Dual Signature Mechanism of SET Management of Public Keys Certification Authority (CA) Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Steganography What is Steganography? Mechanism to Detect Steganographically-hidden Message Guidelines for Secure Systems Design Cyber Laws, Cyber Forensics, and CERT Cyber Laws Cyber Forensics CERT Points to Remember Questions CHAPTER 16: APPLICATION DOMAINS Electronic Governance (E-governance) What is E-governance? Benefits of E-governance Issues and Challenges in E-governance E-governance Applications Geo-informatics Geo-informatics Applications Medical Informatics Medical Informatics Applications Bioinformatics What is Bioinformatics? Branches of Bioinformatics Points to Remember Questions GLOSSARY INDEX KNOW YOUR AUTHOR
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