Electrical Steels, Volume 1: Fundamentals and Basic Concepts
- Length: 584 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
- Publication Date: 2019-07-04
- ISBN-10: 1785619705
- ISBN-13: 9781785619700
- Sales Rank: #1785566 (See Top 100 Books)
Electrical steels are critical components of magnetic cores used in applications ranging from large rotating machines, including energy generating equipment, and transformers to small instrument transformers and harmonic filters. Presented over two volumes, this comprehensive handbook provides full coverage of the state-of-the-art in electrical steels.
Volume 1 covers the fundamentals and basic concepts of electrical steels. Topics covered include soft magnetic materials; basic magnetic concepts; magnetic domains, energy minimisation and magnetostriction; methods of observing magnetic domains in electrical steels; electromagnetic induction; fundamentals of a.c. signals; losses and eddy currents in soft magnetic materials; rotational magnetisation and losses; anisotropy of iron and its alloys; magnetic circuits; the effect of mechanical stress on loss, permeability and magnetostriction; magnetic measurements on electrical steels; background to modern electrical steels; production of electrical steels; amorphous and nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials; nickel-iron, cobalt-iron and aluminium-iron alloys; consolidated iron powder and ferrite cores; and temperature and irradiation dependence of magnetic and mechanical properties of soft magnetic materials.
The companion Volume 2 describes performance and outlines applications.
Title Copyright Contents Acknowledgements Preface Common acronyms, symbols and abbreviations used in the text Introduction to Volume 1 About the authors Chapter 1 Soft magnetic material 1.1 Range and application of commercial bulk magnetic materials 1.2 Industrially important characteristics of soft magnetic materials 1.3 Families of commercial soft magnetic materials 1.4 Electrical steels 1.5 Global impact of energy wastage in electrical steels References Chapter 2 Basic magnetic concepts 2.1 Magnetic fields, flux density and magnetisation 2.2 Units in magnetism 2.3 Dimensional analysis of magnetic quantities 2.4 Crystal planes and directions References Chapter 3 Magnetic domains, energy minimisation and magnetostriction 3.1 Magnetic dipole moments and domains 3.2 Weiss theory and molecular field 3.3 Minimisation of free energy 3.4 Domain wall structure and motion 3.5 Domain changes occurring during magnetisation 3.6 Anisotropy energy 3.7 Magnetostatic energy (Ems) 3.8 Fundamentals of magnetostriction 3.9 Magnetoelastic energy (Eme) 3.10 Domain wall energy (Ew) 3.11 Work and energy in the magnetisation process 3.12 Static domain structure with minimum stored energy 3.13 Domain changes occurring during magnetisation 3.14 Energy (Eh) due to an externally applied field 3.15 Effect of an applied field on a domain wall 3.16 Magnetostriction in soft magnetic materials 3.17 The Barkhausen effect References Chapter 4 Methods of observing magnetic domains in electrical steels 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Powder techniques 4.3 Optical methods of surface domain observation 4.4 Magnetic force microscope 4.5 Domain visualisation from surface field sensors 4.6 Observation of sub-surface domain features 4.7 Use of magnetic bacteria for domain observation 4.8 Magneto-optical indicator films 4.9 Comparison of methods for observations on electrical steels References Chapter 5 Electromagnetic induction 5.1 Faraday’s law 5.2 Lenz’s law 5.3 Expressions for an induced e.m.f. Reference Chapter 6 Fundamentals of a.c. signals 6.1 Waveform terminology 6.2 Distortion factor 6.3 Distorted voltages on power systems 6.4 Distorted B or H waveforms due to non-linear magnetisation curves 6.5 Effect of the electric circuit on waveform distortion 6.6 General relationship between harmonics in B and H waveforms 6.7 Calculation of flux density under distorted magnetisation conditions References Chapter 7 Losses and eddy currents in soft magnetic materials 7.1 Physical and engineering approaches to magnetic losses 7.2 Energy dissipation derived from the area enclosed by a B–H loop 7.3 Derivation of the dependence of loss on B and H using the Poynting vector theorem 7.4 Hysteresis loss 7.5 Eddy current generation in a rod of conducting material 7.6 Eddy currents in a thin sheet 7.7 Classical eddy current loss 7.8 Separation of losses into eddy current and hysteresis components 7.9 Total loss within a sheet 7.10 Total power loss of a strip expressed in terms of B and H References Chapter 8 Rotational magnetisation and losses 8.1 Vector representation of a pure rotating magnetic field 8.2 Rotational flux density 8.3 Torque curves and stored magnetocrystalline energy 8.4 Rotational hysteresis loss 8.5 Magnetic domain structures under rotational magnetisation 8.6 Combined alternating, rotational and d.c. offset magnetisation 8.7 Rotational loss at power frequency 8.8 Magnetostriction under rotational magnetisation 8.9 Three-dimensional magnetisation References Chapter 9 Anisotropy of iron and its alloys 9.1 Magnetisation at an angle to a preferred crystal direction 9.2 Magnetisation at angles to an easy direction under a.c. magnetisation 9.3 Effect of strip width on magnetisation direction in anisotropic material 9.4 Effect of stacking method on apparent loss of anisotropic strips cut at angles to an easy axis References Chapter 10 Magnetic circuits 10.1 The basic magnetic circuit 10.2 Magnetic reluctance 10.3 Field and flux density distribution in a circular core 10.4 Iron cored solenoid 10.5 Flux density in a magnetic material measured by an enwrapping search coil 10.6 Field and flux density at the interface between two media 10.7 Forces between magnetised laminations References Chapter 11 Effect of mechanical stress on loss, permeability and magnetostriction 11.1 Effect of stress on simple magnetic domain structures 11.2 Stress sensitivity derived from domain structures 11.3 Effect of biaxial stress 11.4 Stress sensitivity of GO steel 11.5 Stress sensitivity of NO steel 11.6 Effect of bending stress 11.7 Effect of normal stress 11.8 Effect of stress on components of loss 11.9 Effects of building stresses in electrical machine cores 11.10 Slitting and punching stress in electrical steel References Chapter 12 Magnetic measurements on electrical steels 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Effect of sample geometry (toroids, single strips, rings and single sheet) 12.3 Sensing methods 12.4 A.C. magnetic measurements of losses and permeability 12.5 2D and rotational magnetic measurements 12.6 Magnetostriction measurements 12.7 On-line measurements 12.8 The d.c. magnetic measurements 12.9 Surface insulation testing 12.10 Barkhausen noise measurement References Chapter 13 Background to modern electrical steels 13.1 History and development of electrical steels 13.2 Metallurgical requirements and control References Chapter 14 Production of electrical steels 14.1 Chemical composition 14.2 Hot rolled coil production 14.3 Cold mill processing 14.4 Final property assessment 14.5 Future development References Chapter 15 Amorphous and nano-crystalline soft magnetic materials 15.1 Amorphous materials 15.2 Nano-crystalline magnetic materials 15.3 General properties of amorphous and nano-materials 15.4 High silicon micro-crystalline ribbon 15.5 Applications of amorphous and nano-crystalline ribbons References Chapter 16 Nickel–iron, cobalt–iron and aluminium–iron alloys 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Iron, cobalt and nickel 16.3 Nickel–iron alloys 16.4 Perminvar 16.5 Cobalt–iron alloys 16.6 Aluminium–iron alloys 16.7 Applications References Chapter 17 Consolidated iron powder and ferrite cores 17.1 Background 17.2 Consolidated iron and SiFe powder cores 17.3 Soft ferrites References Chapter 18 Temperature and irradiation dependence of magnetic and mechanical properties of soft magnetic materials 18.1 Effects of temperature on structure insensitive magnetic properties 18.2 Effect of temperature on permeability, coercivity and losses 18.3 The d.c. and a.c. properties of silicon steels at elevated temperatures 18.4 Temperature dependencies of magnetic properties of various material 18.5 Modelling high temperature performance 18.6 Magnetic properties at cryogenic temperatures 18.7 Effect of non-uniform temperature gradients in magnetic core laminations 18.8 Effect of irradiation on soft magnetic materials References Index
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