Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment
- Length: 382 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: CRC Press
- Publication Date: 2021-08-20
- ISBN-10: 036742391X
- ISBN-13: 9780367423919
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment
The growing demand for energy in today’s world, especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, has been met with massive exploitation of fossil fuels, resulting in an increase in environmental pollutants. In order to mitigate the issues arising from conventional internal combustion engine-powered vehicles, there has been a considerable acceleration in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Research has shown that the impact of fossil fuel use in transportation and surging demand in power owing to the growing EV charging infrastructure can potentially be minimalized by smart microgrids.
As EVs find wider acceptance with major advancements in high efficiency drivetrain and vehicle design, it has become clear that there is a need for a system-level understanding of energy storage and management in a microgrid environment. Practical issues, such as fleet management, coordinated operation, repurposing of batteries, and environmental impact of recycling and disposal, need to be carefully studied in the context of an ageing grid infrastructure. This book explores such a perspective with contributions from leading experts on planning, analysis, optimization, and management of electrified transportation and the transportation infrastructure.
The primary purpose of this book is to capture state-of-the-art development in smart microgrid management with EV integration and their applications. It also aims to identify potential research directions and technologies that will facilitate insight generation in various domains, from smart homes to smart cities, and within industry, business, and consumer applications. We expect the book to serve as a reference for a larger audience, including power system architects, practitioners, developers, new researchers, and graduate-level students, especially for emerging clean energy and transportation electrification sectors in the Middle East and Southeast Asia.
Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Foreword Preface Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Trends in Electric Vehicles, Distribution Systems, EV Charging Infrastructure, and Microgrids 1.1 Introduction: Transportation Electrification Trends 1.2 Distribution System Trends 1.3 Charging Technology Trends Chapter 2 Fog Computing for Smart Grids: Challenges and Solutions 2.1 Introduction 2.2 SGs 2.2.1 Architecture 2.2.2 Current and Upcoming Problems 2.3 Fog Computing-Driven SG Architecture 2.3.1 Features 2.3.2 Fog Computing Complements the Cloud 2.3.3 Fog Computing Helps Address SG Problems 2.4 Current Solutions for Applying Fog Computing to SGs 2.4.1 Fog-based SG Architecture 2.4.2 Mainly Discussed Applications 2.4.3 Key Problems Focused in Strategy Design 2.4.4 Fog+ 2.5 Research Challenges and Future Directions 2.5.1 Security and Privacy 2.5.2 Huge Amounts of Data Processing 2.5.3 Fog and Cloud Combination 2.5.4 Fog Device Deployment 2.6 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 3 Opportunities and Challenges in Electric Vehicle Fleet Charging Management 3.1 Introduction 3.2 EV Chargers 3.2.1 Interfaces and Standards 3.2.2 Features and Topologies 3.2.3 Controls 3.2.4 Capabilities 3.3 EV Aggregation 3.4 Available Ancillary Grid Services with Aggregated EVs 3.4.1 Frequency Response and Regulation 3.4.2 Power Smoothing 3.4.3 Load/Generation Following 3.4.4 Spinning Reserve 3.4.5 Reactive Power Support 3.4.6 Voltage Support 3.4.7 Discussion 3.5 Case Studies 3.5.1 Frequency Regulation 3.5.2 Power Smoothing 3.5.3 Load/Generation Following 3.5.4 Spinning Reserve 3.5.5 Voltage and Reactive Power Support 3.6 Challenges and Future Research Directions 3.6.1 Technology Initiatives 3.6.2 Economical Aspects 3.6.3 Environmental Aspects 3.6.4 Safety and Security 3.6.5 Future Directions 3.7 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Challenges to Build a EV Friendly Ecosystem: Brazilian Benchmark 92 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Context and Brazilian Portrait 4.3 Challenges and Opportunities through the Brazilian Initiatives 4.3.1 Economy and Production 4.3.2 Public Policies 4.3.3 Customer Acceptance 4.3.4 Market, Logistics, Energy Matrix, and Environment 4.3.5 Smart Grid 4.4 Case Study 4.4.1 Public Perception 4.4.2 Numeric Model 4.5 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 Coordinated Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging and Renewable Power Generation Integrated in a Microgrid 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Stochastic Optimization Model 5.2.1 Model of the Microgrid 5.3 Scenarios and Tree Generation Procedure 5.3.1 Scenario Generation for the V2G Parking Lot 5.3.2 Scenario Generation for the PV Unit and Local Load 5.3.3 Tree Generation by Using k-Means 5.4 Microgrid Simulation Results 5.4.1 Description of the Case Study 5.4.2 Scenario-Based Tree Generation 5.4.3 Solution of the Multistage Stochastic Model 5.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments Nomenclature References Chapter 6 Energy Storage Sizing for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Literature Review 6.2.1 Literature on Smart Charging and Impacts of PEV Charging 6.2.2 Literature on Charging Station Design 6.2.3 Literature on Probabilistic Modelling of PEV Charging Infrastructures 6.2.4 Contributions 6.3 Demonstration and Testing Platform of a PEV Charging Infrastructure 6.3.1 Overview of PEV Research and Testing Projects at PNDC 6.3.2 Summary of Results 6.4 System Model 6.4.1 Markov-Modulated Poisson Process 6.4.2 Matrix Geometric Approach 6.4.3 Algorithmic Solution Technique 6.5 Numerical Evaluations 6.5.1 Computation of Station Parameters 6.5.2 Charging Station Economic Analysis 6.6 Conclusions Acknowledgement Bibliography Chapter 7 Innovative Methods for State of the Charge Estimation for EV Battery Management Systems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Review 7.2.1 Battery Management System 7.3 State-of-Charge Estimation 7.3.1 Kalman Filter Algorithm 7.3.1.1 Extended Kalman Filter 7.3.1.2 Central Difference Kalman Filter 7.3.1.3 Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter 7.3.2 Sliding Mode Observer 7.3.3 Backpropagation Neural Network 7.3.3.1 Forward Propagation 7.3.3.2 Backward Propagation 7.4 Conclusion 7.5 Framework for Integrating EV Energy Storage Systems Nomenclature References Chapter 8 High-Voltage Battery Life Cycle Analysis with Repurposing in Energy Storage Systems (ESS) for Electric Vehicles 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Literature Review 8.2.1 Conventional Cars and Electrical Vehicles 8.2.2 Life Cycle 8.2.3 Manufacture 8.2.3.1 Battery Cell 8.2.3.2 Packaging 8.2.3.3 Battery Management System 8.2.3.4 Battery Pack Assembly 8.2.3.5 Solutions to Minimize the Impact Due to Manufacturing 8.2.4 Battery Life cycle Analysis with Repurposing in Energy Storage Systems (ESS) 8.2.4.1 First Use in Electric Vehicles 8.2.4.2 Second Use in Energy Storage Systems 8.2.5 Environmental Approaches for Battery Disposal 8.2.5.1 Introduction and Background Information 8.2.5.2 Currently Applied Recycling Techniques 8.3 Methodology 8.3.1 Power Peak Shaving 8.3.1.1 A Sample of Current Simple Comparative Algorithms 8.3.2 The Proposed Simple Comparative Algorithm 8.3.2.1 Definition of Variables 8.3.2.2 Solution Flow 8.4 The Methodology Study Design 8.5 Factors of the the Methodology’s Ideal Environment 8.5.1 Drivers 8.5.2 Barriers 8.6 Case Study 8.6.1 System Briefing 8.6.3 System Parameters & Assumptions 8.7 Results 8.8 Conclusion Acknowledgements Bibliography Chapter 9 Charging Infrastructure for Electric Taxi Fleets 9.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces 9.2 Commercial Electric Taxi Fleets 9.2.1 Case Study: Uber Electric Vehicle Trial in London 9.2.2 Case Study: Ola Electric Mobility Pilot 9.2.3 Key Findings from the Study of Fleet Operations 9.3 Important Charging-Related Aspects of Electric Cars 9.3.1 Battery Capacity and Range 9.3.2 Charger Capacity and Charging Time 9.3.3 Factors Affecting Charging Time 9.4 Charging Technologies for Electric Cars 9.4.1 EV Charging Standards 9.4.2 Charger Classifications Worldwide 9.4.3 Charging Technologies 9.4.3.1 AC Charging 9.4.3.2 DC Charging 9.4.3.3 Wireless Charging 9.4.3.4 Battery Swapping 9.4.4 Charging Technology Trends 9.4.4.1 Mobile EV Charging 9.4.4.2 Solar EV Charging 9.4.5 Charging Station Safety 9.5 Categories of Commercial Four-Wheeler Passenger Fleet 9.5.1 Ride-Hailing Fleet 9.5.2 Corporate Fleet 9.6 Plausible Locations for Charging Electric Taxi Fleet 9.6.1 Charging Facilities for Taxi Fleet 9.6.1.1 Public Charging Hubs for En route Charging 9.6.1.2 Charging Facility at Public Parking Spaces 9.6.1.3 Captive Charging Facilities 9.6.2 Critical Factors for Siting Charging Facilities 9.7 Techniques for Locating Charging Facilities 9.7.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) 9.7.2 Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) 9.7.3 Rationale for Using AHP and TOPSIS 9.8 Configuring a Charging Facility for an Electric Taxi Fleet 9.8.1 Selection of Charging Technology 9.8.1.1 Identification of Charging Technologies for Evaluation 9.8.1.2 Selection of Parameters for Decision-Making 9.8.1.3 Deciding Relative Weights of Parameters 9.8.1.4 Ranking of Parameters 9.8.1.5 Preparing Decision Matrix 9.9 Recommendations for Fleet Charging 9.9.1 Public Chargers Are Required to Support Fleet 9.9.2 Role of AC Charging for Fleet 9.10 Grid Interaction and Integration of Fleet Nomenclature Works Cited Chapter 10 Machine Learning-Based Day-Ahead Market Energy Usage Bidding for Smart Microgrids 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Different Aspects of EVs 10.3 Description of Power Market Stakeholder Interaction Model 10.3.1 Activity Diagram 10.3.2 Data Flow Diagram 10.3.3 ER Diagram 10.4 AI Strategies 10.4.1 Artificial Neural Networks 10.4.2 Autoregressive Moving Average 10.4.3 Support Vector Machine 10.5 Overall Demonstration 10.6 Case Studies 10.6.1 Forecasting of Energy Price 10.6.2 Aggregate Demand-Supply System 10.6.3 xEV Market Analysis and Forecast 10.7 Result 10.8 Conclusion Nomenclature References Chapter 11 Smart Microgrid-Integrated EV Wireless Charging Station 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Solar PV Module Configuration with a Wireless Charging System 11.3 Solar to EV Battery Feasibility Analysis 11.4 Wireless Charging System for EVs 11.5 Finite Element Analysis Modeling and Simulation of the WPT Coils for Magnetic Analysis 11.6 Results and Discussion 11.7 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 12 Shielding Techniques of IPT System for Electric Vehicles’ Stationary Charging 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Components of Transmitter and Receiver Pad 12.2.1 Conductive Wires 12.2.2 Flux Concentrator 12.2.3 EMF Shielding 12.2.3.1 Passive Shielding 12.2.3.2 Active Shielding 12.2.3.3 Reactive Shielding 12.3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 13 Economic Placement of EV Charging Stations within Urban Areas 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Problem of Choosing Charging Stations’ Locations 13.3 Methodologies for Placing Charging Stations 13.4 Economics of Charging Station Placement 13.5 Case Study: Applying an Agent-Based Network Graph Placement Method on Cairo, Egypt References Chapter 14 Environmental Impact of the Recycling and Disposal of EV Batteries 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Battery Repurposing and Clearance for Sustainable Society 14.2 Delaying Recycling through Repurposing 14.2.1 Repurposing 14.3 Economic Aspects 14.3.1 Identifying Domestic Demand 14.3.2 Identifying Industrial Demand 14.4 Standards for Reusing EV Batteries 14.5 Environmental Impacts of EV Batteries | EVBs 14.5.1 Raw Material Manufacturing Effects 14.5.2 Battery Manufacturing Effects 14.5.3 Thermal Gas Emission 14.5.4 Chemical Hazards 14.6 Battery Dismantling and Handling Health Hazards 14.6.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Landfill 14.6.2 Impact of Recycling on the Environment 14.6.3 Recycling of EV Batteries 14.7 Environmental Aspects of Reuse 14.8 Environmental Aspects of Recycling 14.9 Recycling 14.9.1 Recycling Methods 14.9.2 Mechanical Procedure | MP 14.9.3 Pyro Metallurgical Procedure | PM 14.9.4 Hydrometallurgical Procedure | HP 14.9.5 Direct Recycling Procedure | DRP 14.10 Best Practices of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling 14.10.1 Umicore Company 14.10.2 Retrieve Technologies 14.10.3 Onto Technology 14.11 Safety Indicators 14.12 Dismantling and Storage 14.12.1 Reorganizing and Screening 14.13 Technological Initiatives 14.14 Conclusion 14.15 Recommendations and Future Directions References Chapter 15 Design and Operation of a Low-Cost Microgrid-Integrated EV for Developing Countries: A Case Study 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Central Power Station System 15.1.2 Distributed Generation System 15.2 The Design Scheme of Proposed Microgrid System 15.2.1 Modifications in the Proposed Grid-Connected PV System 15.2.2 Layout of the Proposed Control Strategy 15.3 Detailed Controller Design and Its Working 15.3.1 Mode Selector Controller 15.3.2 Source Selector Controller 15.4 Hardware Implementation of the Designed Controllers 15.4.1 The Experimental Setup and Results 15.5 Hardware in the Loop Testing of Proposed Strategy 15.5.1 Hardware in Loop Results 15.6 Conclusion References Index
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