Driving Simulators for the Evaluation of Human-Machine Interfaces in Assisted and Automated Vehicles

Cover
Halftitle Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
About the editors
Introduction
1   Overview
    1.1   Introduction
    1.2   Objectives of DS
    1.3   History, evolution, and challenges of DS
        1.3.1   Driving experiment using DS
        1.3.2   Belt conveyor system
        1.3.3   Six-axis motion system
        1.3.4   Six-axis motion system and translator system
        1.3.5   Recent large-scale DS
    1.4   Conclusion
    References
2   Present driving simulators
    2.1   Introduction
    2.2   DS SIoTDS-O (simple type at Omiya campus in SIT)
    2.3   DS SIoTDS-T (advanced type at Toyosu campus in SIT)
        2.3.1   Introduction of SIoTDS-T
        2.3.2   Motion device on the SIoTDS-T
        2.3.3   IG of the SIoTDS-T
        2.3.4   System configuration of the SIoTDS-T
        2.3.5   Cockpit of SIoTDS-T
    2.4   DS UoLDS (full-scale type at Leeds University) [3]
        2.4.1   Introduction of UoLDS
        2.4.2   UoLDS motion device
        2.4.3   IG of the DS
        2.4.4   System configuration of the UoLDS
        2.4.5   Cockpit of UoLDS
    2.5   Conclusion
    Acknowledgements
    References
3   Architecture of driving simulators
    3.1   Architecture principles
        3.1.1   Introduction
        3.1.2   Hardware/software general architecture
        3.1.3   System integration
        3.1.4   Hardware architecture
        3.1.5   Software architecture
    3.2   Motion cueing and haptic feedback
        3.2.1   The human motion perception
        3.2.2   Reproduction of the motion stimulus in the simulator
        3.2.3   Motion cueing algorithm
    3.3   The evolution of simulators with VR
        3.3.1   Driving simulation and transportation
        3.3.2   VR and cockpit HMI
        3.3.3   AI and machine learning
    References
4   Computer graphics in driving simulators
    4.1   Principles of computer graphics
        4.1.1   Objectives
        4.1.2   Basic concepts
    4.2   Modeling
        4.2.1   Sky modeling
        4.2.2   Lamp and lamp pattern modeling
        4.2.3   Modeling the road surface
        4.2.4   Transparent and semi-transparent surfaces
        4.2.5   Optimization for real-time application
        4.2.6   Particle systems: rain, snow, and smokes
        4.2.7   Water on road surface and windshield
    4.3   Shading
        4.3.1   Rendering of light sources
        4.3.2   Physically based rendering
        4.3.3   Material layering
        4.3.4   Color range and tone mapping
        4.3.5   Data and processing flow
        4.3.6   Multitarget rendering
    4.4   Hardware
        4.4.1   Rendering hardware architecture
        4.4.2   Synchronization over multiple displays
        4.4.3   Synchronization of driver’s eye with VR viewpoint
    References
5   Tools for evaluating HMI
    5.1   Introduction
    5.2   Gaze detection
        5.2.1   Introduction of gaze detection
        5.2.2   Measurement method
        5.2.3   Issues
    5.3   Response time evaluation
    5.4   Electroencephalograph – brain wave detection
        5.4.1   Introduction of electroencephalograph – brain wave detection
        5.4.2   Measurement method
    5.5   Cerebral blood flow – brain blood detection
    5.6   Electrocardiograph – heartbeat detection
    5.7   Driving performance
    5.8   Steering wheel angle
    5.9   Simulator sickness evaluation
    5.10   ADAS evaluation by DS
        5.10.1   FVCWS evaluation by DS
        5.10.2   Automated breaking evaluation by DS
        5.10.3   ACC evaluation by DS
        5.10.4   LDWS evaluation by DS
        5.10.5   LKA evaluation by DS
    5.11   Trust evaluation
        5.11.1   Concept of validity
        5.11.2   Visual information processing
        5.11.3   Vestibular information processing
        5.11.4   Auditory information processing
        5.11.5   Physical consistency between perceptual information
    5.12   Automated driving evaluation by DS
        5.12.1   Take-over evaluation by DS
        5.12.2   Ethics evaluation by DS
        5.12.3   Communication method evaluation by DS
    5.13   Conclusion
    References
6   Applications using driving simulators
    6.1   Introduction
    6.2   A study on the effect of HUD information on driving operation
        6.2.1   Introduction of evaluation for HUD information
        6.2.2   Method
        6.2.3   Result
        6.2.4   Conclusion of evaluation for HUD information
    6.3   Study on AEBS applying driver models
        6.3.1   Introduction of evaluation for AEBS
        6.3.2   AEBS taking into account the individual characteristics of drivers
        6.3.3   Method
        6.3.4   Experiment on braking operations by drivers
        6.3.5   Experiment on evaluation of alarm timing
        6.3.6   Results and Discussion
        6.3.7   Conclusion of evaluation for AEBS
    6.4   Effect of unconscious learning for driver attention
        6.4.1   Introduction of unconscious learning
        6.4.2   Experimental method
        6.4.3   Experimental results
        6.4.4   Summary of unconscious learning
    6.5   Comparison of the effects among the keeping awakening tasks for the driver during automated driving using EEG analysis
        6.5.1   Introduction of keeping awakening tasks
        6.5.2   Experimental tasks
        6.5.3   Experiment
        6.5.4   Experimental results
        6.5.5   Discussion
        6.5.6   Summary of keeping awakening tasks
    6.6   Estimation of driver drowsiness change in automated driving using heart beat analysis
        6.6.1   Introduction of heart beat analysis
        6.6.2   Heart rate analysis
        6.6.3   Experiment
        6.6.4   Results of heart rate variability analysis
        6.6.5   Classification results
        6.6.6   Summary of heart beat analysis
    6.7   Driving characteristics of low awakening drivers during transition from automatic driving to manual driving
        6.7.1   Introduction
        6.7.2   Method
        6.7.3   Results
        6.7.4   Conclusion
    6.8   Driving characteristics of low awakening drivers during transition from automatic driving to manual driving
        6.8.1   Introduction of evaluation for transition from automatic driving to manual driving
        6.8.2   Experimental device
        6.8.3   Experimental methods
        6.8.4   Experimental results
        6.8.5   Conclusions
        6.8.6   Conclusion of evaluation for transition from automatic driving to manual driving
    6.9   Conclusion
    References
Index
Back Cover