Digital Methods and Tools to Support Healthy Ageing

Cover
Contents
Acknowledgements
About the editors
1 Book overview: digital health for ageing population
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Section 1 – “Underpinning Principles”
	1.3 Section 2 – “Digital Services for Healthy Ageing”
	1.4 Section 3 – “Digital Tools for Healthy Ageing”
	1.5 Summary
	References
PART I Underpinning principles of Digital Health
2 Digital health maturity – a foundational principle
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Conceptual framework
		2.2.1 Digital health
		2.2.2 Digital health maturity
		2.2.3 Digital health profile: indicators of digital health maturity
	2.3 Digital health maturity assessment
	2.4 Exercises
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Global demographic changes and ageing population: an overview
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Global trend in population ageing: a reality check
	3.3 Challenges and issues of population ageing
		3.3.1 Challenges to the healthcare system
		3.3.2 Challenges to economy
	3.4 Analysis and policy implications
	3.5 Concluding remarks
	References
4 Digital health and elderly care in low- and middle-income countries: opportunities and challenges
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Context of elderly care in LMIC
	4.3 The digital divide
	4.4 Use of digital tools for elderly care
	4.5 Framework for caregiver-mediated digital health support for elderlies in LMICs
	4.6 Ethics and policy implications
		4.6.1 Policy implications
			4.6.1.1 Ethics and consent
			4.6.1.2 Data access
			4.6.1.3 Sustainability
			4.6.1.4 Legal framework
	4.7 Conclusion
	References
5 Health co-benefits in climate action policies for healthy ageing
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Co-benefits of climate action
	5.3 Defining co-benefits
	5.4 Co-benefits: applications, frameworks, methods and assessment tools
		5.4.1 Applications of co-benefits concept
		5.4.2 Identifying, quantifying and incorporating co-benefits into policy-decision-making
			5.4.2.1 Identifying and considering co-benefits
			5.4.2.2 Quantifying and valuing co-benefits
			5.4.2.3 Incorporating co-benefits into policy-decision-making process
				Social cost-benefit analysis
				Integrated assessment modelling
				Multi-criteria analysis
		5.4.3 Impact assessment tools of climate action policies
	5.5 HIA as a framework to integrate health dimension in all policies
		5.5.1 Case study: HIA in phases IV and V of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network
		5.5.2 Methods
		5.5.3 Results
			5.5.3.1 HIA implementation process
			5.5.3.2 Securing city’s (council’s) mandate for HIA implementation
	5.6 Health co-benefits in the context of UN SDG
		5.6.1 Co-benefits as potent motivator for local climate action
		5.6.2 The Australian perspective
	5.7 Health co-benefits in policy process: Australian case study
		5.7.1 Background
		5.7.2 Methods
		5.7.3 Results
		5.7.4 Discussion
	5.8 Conclusion
	References
6 Health data privacy for aged population in Australia
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Regulations dealing with Australian online health data
		6.2.1 General regulations
			6.2.1.1 Tort
			6.2.1.2 Corporations Act 2001
			6.2.1.3 Consumer Data Rights
			6.2.1.4 Criminal law
		6.2.2 Specific to health records
			6.2.2.1 Criminal offences from My Health Record
			6.2.2.2 Mandatory notifications of Data Breach
			6.2.2.3 The Privacy Act 1988
			6.2.2.4 Australian Privacy Principles
			6.2.2.5 My Health Records Act 2012 (Cth
			6.2.2.6 Contracts and blockchain
	6.3 Identifying and mapping legal actors to corresponding roles and regulations: legal framework
		6.3.1 Identifying legal actors and resources (data)
		6.3.2 Data types and assurance levels
		6.3.3 Mapping actors to their rights and responsibilities (as per GDPR)
		6.3.4 Identification of appropriate regulations
	6.4 Use case 1: My Health Record for aged care and the legal framework
		6.4.1 Overview of My Health Record for aged care
			6.4.1.1 Benefits of My Health Record in aged care
		6.4.2 Health record registration process and upload
		6.4.3 Identification of legal actors
		6.4.4 Legal analysis
			6.4.4.1 Mapping actors and data to regulations
	6.5 Use case 2: legal analysis of online health record of dementia patient in aged care
		6.5.1 Overview of online health record of Australian dementia patient in aged care
		6.5.2 Identification of legal actors
		6.5.3 Legal analysis
			6.5.3.1 Mapping actors and data to regulations
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
PART II Digital Health Services for Healthy Ageing
7 Silvercare: a model for supporting healthy ageing services
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Background of care for the elderly around the world
		7.2.1 Japan
		7.2.2 Scotland
		7.2.3 Netherlands
		7.2.4 Germany
		7.2.5 Singapore
	7.3 Silvercare model
		7.3.1 Beneficiaries
		7.3.2 Coordinators
		7.3.3 Support group
		7.3.4 Service providers
		7.3.5 Tablet-based well-being project
	7.4 Case study in India: Silvercare model of KINSPARC
		7.4.1 Local background
		7.4.2 Structure and function of the Silvercare team
		7.4.3 Operations
		7.4.4 Silvercare activities in Kalyani
			7.4.4.1 Awareness programmes
			7.4.4.2 Recreational events
			7.4.4.3 Information and communication technology to combat loneliness
			7.4.4.4 Celebrating birthdays
			7.4.4.5 Active ageing
		7.4.5 Project outcomes
	7.5 Case study in Australia
		7.5.1 Local background
		7.5.2 Structure and organisation
		7.5.3 Operations
		7.5.4 Outcomes
	7.6 Discussion
		7.6.1 Performance expectancy
		7.6.2 Attitude towards using the system
		7.6.3 Social influence
		7.6.4 Facilitating conditions
		7.6.5 Self-efficacy
		7.6.6 Anxiety
		7.6.7 Intention to use the system
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
8 Safeguarding the elderly in a pandemic: role of lockdown policies and digital health technologies
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Research context
		8.2.1 Digital services and technologies for outbreak tracing
		8.2.2 Use of mobile applications for safe reopening
		8.2.3 Use of wearables with digital health services
		8.2.4 Contact tracing tools and services
		8.2.5 Use of AI and big data in digital health services
	8.3 Research questions
	8.4 Research design
		8.4.1 Database and keywords
		8.4.2 Criteria for inclusion and exclusion
		8.4.3 Limitations
		8.4.4 Screening results
	8.5 Findings
		8.5.1 Actions taken by different countries to implement lockdown
		8.5.2 Impacts of such actions on the health of the elderly and how much they are affected
		8.5.3 Digital health and other approaches to strict lockdown and their effectiveness
	8.6 Discussion
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9 Digital mental health in Bangladesh “MonerDaktar”: caring seniors during COVID-19
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Aging and mental health problems
	9.3 COVID-19 and mental health crisis of elderly people
	9.4 Digital mental health services in Bangladesh
	9.5 DMHI for senior citizens
	9.6 The development and testing of “MonerDaktar”
		9.6.1 Design of “MonerDaktar”
		9.6.2 Testing and assessment of “MonerDaktar”
	9.7 “MonerDaktar” as a DMHI
		9.7.1 A real case example
	9.8 Evaluation and challenges
	9.9 Conclusion
	References
10 Digital health for aged care from a service perspective
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Aged care services and providers
		10.2.1 Asia
		10.2.2 Australia
		10.2.3 Europe
	10.3 Service workflows
		10.3.1 Drug request and delivery process
		10.3.2 Participants
		10.3.3 Scenarios
		10.3.4 Sub-processes
	10.4 Supply chain model: Jidoka
		10.4.1 Medication adherence as a supply chain management problem
		10.4.2 Measuring quality using RFID
	10.5 Tools for medication adherence monitoring
	10.6 Discussion
	10.7 Conclusion and future work
	References
11 Role of digital technology in aged care in China
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Methodology
		11.2.1 Identification of resources and search strategy
		11.2.2 Selection of relevant articles
		11.2.3 Data extraction and analysis
	11.3 Results
		11.3.1 Plans and promotions of the government and the industry
			11.3.1.1 Promotions of development of elderly care services
			11.3.1.2 Solving the difficulty of using intelligent technology for the elderly
			11.3.1.3 Internet plus nursing services
			11.3.1.4 Encouraging participation in the elderly care service industry
		11.3.2 Case of technology in aged care in China
			11.3.2.1 Acceptance by the elderly
			11.3.2.2 The ‘silver economy’ prosperity
			11.3.2.3 Large scale of the mobile medical industry
			11.3.2.4 ‘New Chinese seniors’: more educated and open to digital technologies
			11.3.2.5 Impacts of epidemics such as COVID-19
		11.3.3 Existing digital technology in aged care in China
		11.3.4 Development prospect
	11.4 Case study of Haiyang Group
		11.4.1 Description of business
			11.4.1.1 Description of the venture
			11.4.1.2 Product(s) and/or service(s)
		11.4.2 Description of industry
			11.4.2.1 Type of industry
			11.4.2.2 Future outlook and tends of industry
			11.4.2.3 Analysis of competitors
		11.4.3 Technology
			11.4.3.1 Description of technology
			11.4.3.2 Technology comparison
		11.4.4 Description of market
			11.4.4.1 Market segment
			11.4.4.2 Promotion
			11.4.4.3 Product or service
	11.5 Discussion
	11.6 Study limitations
	11.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
PART III Digital Tools for Healthy Ageing
12 Using powered exoskeletons for rehabilitation in healthy ageing – a societal perspective
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Powered exoskeletons and their function – a summary of current technologies
	12.3 A symbiosis between powered exoskeletons and social robots
		12.3.1 Can a social enhanced exoskeleton help in healthy aging?
		12.3.2 From a rehabilitation device to a companion
		12.3.3 Assessing social exoskeletons using Robot Impact Assessment (ROBIA)
	12.4 RRI and societal considerations for exoskeletons’ implementation
		12.4.1 Accessibility considerations
		12.4.2 Economic considerations
		12.4.3 Inclusivity considerations
		12.4.4 Environmental considerations
		12.4.5 Cultural considerations
		12.4.6 Legal considerations
		12.4.7 Ethical considerations
	12.5 Conclusion
		12.5.1 Acknowledgments
		12.5.2 Disclosure statement
		12.5.3 Funding
	References
13 SENSE-GARDEN – A concept and technology for care and well-being in dementia treatment
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 The concept
		13.1.2 Primary users of SENSE-GARDEN: persons living with dementia
	13.2 History of SENSE-GARDEN
	13.3 Design and development of SENSE-GARDEN technology and method
		13.3.1 User-centered design process
		13.3.2 SENSE-GARDEN system architecture
		13.3.3 Building a SENSE-GARDEN room
		13.3.4 The final technology: a SENSE-GARDEN room and system
	13.4 The existing SENSE-GARDENs
		13.4.1 Bokkotunet care home, Odda (Norway)
		13.4.2 Aan de Beverdijk care home, Hamont-Achel (Belgium)
		13.4.3 Lar Santa Joana Princesa care home, Lisbon (Portugal)
		13.4.4 ELIAS Emergency University Hospital in Bucharest (Romania)
	13.5 Dissemination in the media
	13.6 Testing the SENSE-GARDEN technology
		13.6.1 Qualitative impact studies
		13.6.2 Quantitative impact studies
		13.6.3 Ethical concerns
	13.7 SENSE-GARDEN resources
	13.8 The future SENSE-GARDENs
	13.9 Conclusion
	13.10 Acknowledgments
	13.11 Disclosure statement
	13.12 Funding
	References
14 Challenges and opportunities in the adoption of IoT for the elderly’s health and well-being: a systematic review
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Methodology
	14.3 Use cases of IoT
		14.3.1 Use cases of wearables
		14.3.2 Use cases of smart homes
	14.4 Barriers in IoT adoption
		14.4.1 Barriers in the adoption of wearables
		14.4.2 Barriers in the adoption of smart homes
	14.5 Future directions of IoTs study
		14.5.1 Future directions for wearable studies
		14.5.2 Future directions for smart home studies
	14.6 Conclusions
	References
15 Designing mobile healthcare applications for elderly users
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Technology trends for elderly populations in academic literature
	15.3 Design trends for elderly populations in practice
	15.4 Suggestions for designers
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
16 Telepresence robots for healthy ageing
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Research method
		16.2.1 Design principles
		16.2.2 Requirements and specifications
		16.2.3 Design processing using QFD
		16.2.4 Evaluation methodology
	16.3 Results
		16.3.1 FLEXTRA
			16.3.1.1 Chassis implementation
			16.3.1.2 Controller, screen, camera, and other actuators and sensors
			16.3.1.3 Software implementation
				16.3.1.3.1 Video streaming system
				16.3.1.3.2 Device management system
				16.3.1.3.3 Control system
		16.3.2 Functionality test
			16.3.2.1 Chassis movement
			16.3.2.2 Medicine dispenser
			16.3.2.3 Remote video communication
		16.3.4 Suitability for pandemics like COVID-19
			16.3.4.1 Remote temperature measurement
			16.3.4.2 Remote consultation and reception for medical service
			16.3.4.3 Contactless delivery of food and medicines
			16.3.4.4 Disinfect rooms and remove germs
	16.4 Discussion
	16.5 Limitations
	16.6 Conclusion
	16.7 Acknowledgment
	References
17 Conclusion and future work
	17.1 Underpinning principles of healthy ageing
		17.1.1 Digital health maturity
		17.1.2 Ageing population in the world
		17.1.3 Geriatric care
		17.1.4 Healthy ageing and climate change
		17.1.5 Privacy protection of ageing population in digital services
	17.2 Digital services for healthy ageing
		17.2.1 Human resource management
		17.2.2 Government and business policies
		17.2.3 Digital mental health services
		17.2.4 Supply chain management in digital health
		17.2.5 Country case studies
	17.3 Digital technologies for healthy ageing
		17.3.1 Exoskeletons for rehabilitation
		17.3.2 Innovative digital care technology for the mental health of the elderly
		17.3.3 IoT and smart home technologies for healthy ageing
		17.3.4 Designing mobile applications for the aged population
		17.3.5 Robots for healthy ageing
	17.4 Summary
	References
Index
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