Democratization of Expertise: How Cognitive Systems Will Revolutionize Your Life

Length: 198 pages
Edition: 1
Language: English
Publisher: Routledge
Publication Date: 2020-10-27
ISBN-10: 0367229641
ISBN-13: 9780367229641
Sales Rank: #6187969 (See Top 100 Books)

We create technology enabling us to do things never before possible and it ultimately changes the way we live, work, play, and interact with each other. Throughout human history, the democratization of technology making a technology available to the masses, has brought about sweeping cultural, social, political, and societal changes. In the last half-century, the democratization of computers, information, the Internet, and social media have revolutionized and transformed our lives. We now stand at the beginning of a new era sure to bring about waves of new revolutions, the cognitive systems era. Until now, humans have done all of the thinking. However, our lives are about to be infused with artificial entities capable of performing high-level cognitive processing previously possible only in the human mind. Systems capable of this kind of synthetic cognition will achieve and surpass the level of human experts in almost every field of endeavor. Far from replacing humans, these cognitive systems will be our collaborators, teachers, confidants, colleagues, and companions. The future will belong to those who can better partner with these cognitive systems. Made available to the average person via the Internet, handheld devices, and through ordinary objects all around us, expertise will become democratized. Everything will change when anyone has access to expertise in any field and new things will be possible. The democratization of expertise is the foundation on which our society’s revolutions will be built over the next half-century. This book discusses societal and cultural revolutions throughout history brought about by the adoption of new technology and gives brief histories of human cognitive augmentation and artificial intelligence. In the coming cognitive systems era, humans, by collaboratively partnering with cognitive systems, will together achieve expert-level performance–synthetic expertise–with humans performing some of the cognitive processing and cognitive systems performing some. As the capabilities of cognitive systems improve over time, the balance of thinking will shift from being mostly human to mostly artificial. This book introduces the Levels of Cognitive Augmentation to describe this shift. Drawing from previous research in cognitive systems and intelligent agent theory, the knowledge stores required for expertise are identified in a Knowledge Level description of expertise. This book introduces a new abstract level, called the Expertise Level to describe the skills needed for expertise. Combining the knowledge-level and expertise-level descriptions, this book introduces the Model of Expertise. This book demonstrates use of the Model of Expertise by presenting several synthetic expert architectures: a synthetic teacher (Synthia), a synthetic friend/therapist (Sy), a synthetic elderly companion (Lois), a synthetic research companion (Synclair), and an automated scientific hypothesis explorer (Ashe). This book is intended for anyone interested in the fields of cognitive systems, cognitive computing, cognitive augmentation, or artificial intelligence or the impact of technologies from these fields on society. Anyone doing research and development in the area of cognitive systems or artificial intelligence will find this book particularly useful.

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1. When Things Become Democratized
	1.1 Adoption of Technology
	1.2 Revolutions
	1.3 The Nature of Revolutions
	1.4 The Cognitive Systems Revolution
2. The Coming Cognitive Augmentation Era
	2.1 Deep Learning/Machine Learning
	2.2 Big Data
	2.3 Internet of Things
	2.4 Natural Language Interfaces
	2.5 Open Source AI
	2.6 Cloud-Based Services
	2.7 Social Media
	2.8 The Connected Age
	2.9 The Cognitive Systems Era
3. A Brief History of Human Augmentation
	3.1 Technology Creates New Kinds of Workers
	3.2 Human Cognitive Augmentation
	3.3 The Human/Cog Ensemble
	3.4 The Cognitive Process
	3.5 Cognitive Work and the Augmentation Factor
	3.6 Cognitive Power
	3.7 Cognitive Accuracy and Cognitive Precision
	3.8 Levels of Cognitive Augmentation
	3.9 Summary
4. A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence
	4.1 The Dartmouth Conference
	4.2 Milestones in Artificial Intelligence
	4.3 Machine Learning
	4.4 Game Playing in Artificial Intelligence
	4.5 Chatbots
5. The Nature of Expertise
	5.1 The Turing Test and Searle’s Chinese Room
	5.2 Chunks
	5.3 Types of Knowledge and the Knowledge Level
	5.4 Bloom’s Taxonomy
6. Cognitive Architectures
	6.1 Genealogy of Cognitive Architectures
	6.2 General Problem Solver
	6.3 Reflexive/Tropistic/Instinctive Agent
	6.4 Model-Based Reflexive/Hysteretic Agent
	6.5 Goal-Based/Knowledge-Level Agent (Reasoning Agent)
	6.6 Utility-Based/Knowledge-Level Agent (Rational Agent)
	6.7 General Learning Agent (Adaptive Agent)
	6.8 Evolutionary Agent (Evolving Agent)
	6.9 EPIC
	6.10 ACT-R
	6.11 CLARION
	6.12 Soar
	6.13 Soar/Formal Model
	6.14 Standard Model of the Mind
	6.15 Subsumption Architecture
	6.16 Emotion Machine—Model 6
	6.17 Genesis Architecture
7. Synthetic Expertise
	7.1 Requirements for Expertise
	7.2 The Knowledge Level Description of Expertise
	7.3 The Expertise Level
	7.4 The Expertise Level Description of Expertise
	7.5 The Model of Expertise
	7.6 The Soar Architecture for Expertise
	7.7 Synthetic Expertise: The Human/Cog Ensemble
	7.8 Composite Activities
	7.9 Cognitive Augmentation
8. Synthetic Teachers
	8.1 Intelligent Tutoring Systems
	8.2 Teaching Styles and Pedagogy
	8.3 The Synthetic Teacher Model
	8.4 Synthetic vs. Artificial Teachers
	8.5 Subject-Oriented Teacher Cogs
9. Synthetic Friend/Therapist
	9.1 Conversational Chatbots
	9.2 The Synthetic Friend Model
	9.3 Virtual Diaries
10. Synthetic Elderly Companions
	10.1 Elder Models
	10.2 Activity Models
	10.3 Emotional/Mood Models
	10.4 Task Models
	10.5 Episodic Memory and Diagnostic Conversation
	10.6 Distributed Sensors
	10.7 Interactive Smart Mirror Displays
	10.8 Augmented and Mixed Reality
	10.9 Gait/Body Language Analysis
	10.10 Elder Care Research
11. Synthetic Colleagues
	11.1 Enhancing Productivity
	11.2 Artificial Entertainers, Lawyers, Politicians
	11.3 The Personal Cog Revolution
	11.4 The Synthetic Colleague Model
	11.5 Social and Professional Network Assistant
	11.6 Conference and Journal Publications and Grants Assistant
	11.7 Multi-Modal Interface
	11.8 Publication Finder
	11.9 Summarizer, Assimilator, State of the Art
	11.10 Question Answering
	11.11 New Work Updates
	11.12 Remote Cog/Cog Collaboration
	11.13 Semi-Autonomous Learning
	11.14 Theory Assistant, Idea Explorer
	11.15 Synthetic Collaboration
12. Autonomously Generated Knowledge
	12.1 Autonomous Knowledge Discovery in Healthcare
	12.2 Autonomous Knowledge Discovery in Business and Military
	12.3 Autonomous Knowledge Discovery in Personal Lives
	12.4 Automated Discovery
	12.5 Intellectual Property Ownership
13. The Democratization of Expertise
Bibliography
Index