Concepts of Materials Science
- Length: 160 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Oxford University Press
- Publication Date: 2021-09-01
- ISBN-10: 0192846833
- ISBN-13: 9780192846839
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
All technologies depend on the availability of suitable materials. The progress of civilisation is often measured by the materials people have used, from the stone age to the silicon age. Engineers exploit the relationships between the structure, properties and manufacturing methods of a
material to optimise their design and production for particular applications. Scientists seek to understand and predict those relationships.
This short book sets out fundamental concepts that underpin the science of materials and emphasizes their relevance to mainstream chemistry, physics and biology. These include the thermodynamic stability of materials in various environments, quantum behaviour governing all matter, and active matter.
Others include defects as the agents of change in crystalline materials, materials at the nanoscale, the emergence of new science at increasing length scales in materials, and man-made materials with properties determined by their structure rather than their chemistry.
The book provides a unique insight into the essence of materials science at a level suitable for pre-university students and undergraduates of materials science. It will also be suitable for graduates in other subjects contemplating postgraduate study in materials science. Professional materials
scientists will also find it stimulating and occasionally provocative.
Cover When is a material stable? Concept Introduction Definitions The first law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics Irreversibility and entropy production Entropy in terms of microstates Configurational entropy Summary of section 1.5 Closed systems and heat reservoirs The Helmholtz free energy The Gibbs free energy Chemical potentials The Gibbs-Duhem equation The Gibbs phase rule Closing remarks Further reading Phase diagrams Introduction Free energy - composition curves From free energy - composition curves to the equilibrium state Phase diagram for complete miscibility Phase diagrams for limited solubility in the solid state Eutectic phase diagram Peritectic phase diagram Closing remarks Further reading Restless motion Concept Evidence of restless atomic motion Fluctuations and thermally activated processes Brownian motion The fluctuation-dissipation theorem Some other manifestations of restless atomic motion in materials Further reading Defects Concept Change in materials Point defects Dislocations Grain boundaries Further reading Symmetry Concept Introduction Conservation laws Physical properties of crystals Topological defects Quasicrystals Further reading Quantum behaviour Concept The size and identity of atoms The double slit experiment Identical particles, the Pauli exclusion principle and spin Consequences of the Pauli exclusion principle Tunnelling Thermal properties of solids Quantum diffusion Closing remarks Further reading Small is different Concept Introduction Quantum dots Catalysis Giant magnetoresistance The origin of magnetism Magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic metals The giant magnetoresistance effect Closing remarks Further reading Collective behaviour Concept More is different Three examples of processes involving multiple length scales Electronic conduction Plasticity Fracture Further reading Materials by design Concept Introduction Microstructure An example: replacing the `nickel' Self-assembly The bubble raft Photonic crystals Quantum dots Smart materials Self-healing materials Self-cleaning glass Closing remarks Further reading Metamaterials Concept Introduction An example: a metamaterial for elastic waves Electromagnetic metamaterials and negative refraction Invisibility cloaks Closing remarks Further reading Biological matter as a material Concept What is life? Active matter Synthetic biology Closing remarks Further reading Index
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