College Physics, 3rd Edition
- Length: 1328 pages
- Edition: 3
- Language: English
- Publisher: MACMILLAN
- Publication Date: 2021
- ISBN-10: 1319383459
- ISBN-13: 9781319383459
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Welcome to College Physics! We are excited to bring you this new approach to learning algebra-based physics. Grounded in real-world applications, balanced with rigor and thoroughness, and infused with enthusiasm for the subject, no other college physics text presents material in quite this way. To create this unique learning experience, we have assembled a unique author team that includes a trusted and highly successful textbook author, physicists who have spent years focusing on how students learn physics best, and a biology professor who brings a life scientist’s perspective on what makes physics interesting to the students who take this course.
Learning research tells us that students learn best and remember more readily when they can connect new topics to previously learned material. College Physics presents a list of topics to review at the beginning of every chapter, and it also artfully integrates this information throughout the narrative, explaining the relevance of previously learned material to the topic at hand. In addition, the authors show students how what they learn in one chapter will be relevant to their studies in future chapters, providing students with everything they need to connect the dots.
Our innovations, coupled with a clear and engaging writing style, help students master tough physics concepts, acquire competency in logical reasoning, and practice the problem-solving skills they need to do well in this course and beyond — throughout their lives. Every chapter highlights biological connections and real-world applications that show students that physics is part of everyday life, with examples from both the natural world and today’s technology. In addition, accompanying this book is our ground-breaking media program and assessment platform Achieve, which supports student learning every step of the way.
Our aim is to instill in students a deeper appreciation of physics — by showing how physics connects to their lives and their future careers, and by helping them succeed in the course. We hope you enjoy exploring physics and using this text!
About this Book Cover Page Brief Contents Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Preface Key Features of College Physics Contents Biological Applications Acknowledgments About the Authors Chapter 1 Introduction to Physics 1-1 Physicists Use Both Words and Equations to Describe the Natural World 1-2 Success in Physics Requires Well-Developed Problem-Solving Skills 1-3 Measurements in Physics are Based on Standard Units of Time, Length, Mass, and Other Quantities Unit Conversions Quantities Versus Units Scientific Notation 1-4 Correct Use of Significant Figures Helps Keep Track of Uncertainties in Numerical Values Calculations with Significant Figures 1-5 Dimensional Analysis is a Powerful Way to Check the Results of a Physics Calculation End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension 2-1 Studying Motion in a Straight Line is the First Step in Understanding Physics 2-2 Constant Velocity Means Moving at a Steady Speed in the Same Direction Coordinates, Displacement, and Average Velocity Constant Velocity, Motion Diagrams, and Graphs of x versus t The Equation for Constant-Velocity Motion in One Dimension 2-3 Velocity is the Rate of Change of Position, and Acceleration is the Rate of Change of Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration Interpreting Positive and Negative Acceleration Instantaneous Acceleration and the vx − t Graph 2-4 Constant Acceleration Means Velocity Changes at a Steady Rate Graphing Motion with Constant Acceleration The Kinematic Equations for Motion with Constant Acceleration 2-5 Solving One-Dimensional Motion Problems: Constant Acceleration 2-6 Objects Falling Freely Near Earth’s Surface have Constant Acceleration Measuring Free-Fall Acceleration Acceleration Due to Gravity The Equations of Free Fall: A Special Case of Constant Acceleration Solving Free-Fall Problems End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 3 Motion in Two or Three Dimensions 3-1 The Ideas of Linear Motion Help us Understand Motion in Two or Three Dimensions 3-2 A Vector Quantity Has Both a Magnitude and a Direction Vectors and Scalars Adding Vectors Subtracting Vectors Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar 3-3 Vectors Can Be Described in Terms of Components Vector Arithmetic with Components 3-4 For Motion in a Plane, Velocity and Acceleration are Vector Quantities The Velocity Vector Velocity Components The Acceleration Vector and Its Direction 3-5 A Projectile Moves in a Plane and Has a Constant Acceleration The Equations of Projectile Motion 3-6 You Can Solve Projectile Motion Problems Using Techniques Learned for Straight-line Motion 3-7 An Object Moving in a Circle is Accelerating Even if Its Speed is Constant Analyzing Motion in a Circle How We Sense Acceleration 3-8 The Velocity You Measure for an Object Depends on How You are Moving End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 4 Forces and Motion I: Newton’s Laws 4-1 How Objects Move is Determined by The Forces that Act on Them 4-2 If a Net External Force Acts on an Object, The Object Accelerates Newton’s Second Law 4-3 Mass, Weight, and Inertia are Distinct but Related Concepts Mass, Inertia, and Newton’s First Law 4-4 Making a Free-Body Diagram is Essential in Solving any Problem Involving Forces Examining Free-Body Diagrams 4-5 Newton’s Third Law Relates the Forces that Two Objects Exert on Each Other Comparing Newton’s Three Laws Newton’s Third Law and Tension Newton’s Third Law and Propulsion 4-6 All Problems Involving Forces can be Solved Using The Same Series of Steps Problems Involving a Single Object Problems Involving Ropes and Tension Kinematics and Newton’s Laws End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 5 Forces and Motion II: Applications 5-1 Newton’s Laws Apply to Situations Involving Friction and Drag as well as to Motion in a Circle 5-2 The Static Friction Force Changes Magnitude to Offset Other Applied Forces Properties of Static Friction Measuring the Coefficient of Static Friction 5-3 The Kinetic Friction Force on a Sliding Object has a Constant Magnitude The Magnitude of The Kinetic Friction Force Rolling Friction 5-4 Problems Involving Static and Kinetic Friction are Like Any Other Problem with Forces 5-5 An Object Moving Through Air or Water Experiences a Drag Force Drag Force on Microscopic Objects Drag Force on Larger Objects 5-6 In Uniform Circular Motion the Net Force Points Toward the Center of the Circle End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 6 Work and Energy 6-1 The Ideas of Work and Energy are Intimately Related 6-2 The Work That a Constant Force Does on A Moving Object Depends on The Magnitude and Direction of The Force Muscles and Doing Work Work by Forces Not Parallel to Displacement and Negative Work Calculating Work Done by Multiple Forces 6-3 Kinetic Energy and The Work-Energy Theorem Give us an Alternative Way to Express Newton’s Second Law The Meaning of the Work-Energy Theorem Net Work and Net Force 6-4 The Work-Energy Theorem can Simplify Many Physics Problems Strategy: Problems with the Work-Energy Theorem 6-5 The Work-Energy Theorem is also Valid for Curved Paths and Varying Forces Work Done by the Gravitational Force Work Done by a Varying Force More on Hooke’s Law and Its Limitations 6-6 Potential Energy is Energy Related to An Object’s Position Gravitational Potential Energy Interpreting Potential Energy Spring Potential Energy Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 6-7 If Only Conservative Forces do Work, Total Mechanical Energy is Conserved Generalizing the Idea of Conservation of Energy: Nonconservative Forces 6-8 Energy Conservation is An Important Tool for Solving a Wide Variety of Problems 6-9 Power is The Rate at Which Energy is Transferred End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 7 Gravitation 7-1 Gravitation is a Force of Universal Importance 7-2 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Explains the Orbit of the Moon The Law of Universal Gravitation Finding the Value of G and the Mass of Earth 7-3 The Gravitational Potential Energy of two Objects is Negative and Increases toward Zero as the Objects are Moved Farther Apart More on Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Energy and Conservation of Total Mechanical Energy Escape Speed 7-4 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Explains Kepler’s Laws for the Orbits of Planets and Satellites Circular Orbits: Orbital Speed and Orbital Period Circular Orbits: Energy Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion 7-5 The Properties of the Gravitational Force Explain Earth‘s Tides and Space Travelers‘ Apparent Weightlessness Tides Apparent Weightlessness End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 8 Momentum, Collisions, and the Center of Mass 8-1 Newton’s Third Law Helps Lead us to the Idea of Momentum 8-2 Momentum is a Vector That Depends on an Object’s Mass, Speed, and Direction of Motion 8-3 The Total Momentum of a System of Objects is Conserved Under Certain Conditions A System of Several Objects: Internal and External Forces Momentum Conservation and Collisions 8-4 In an Inelastic Collision Some of the Mechanical Energy is Lost Completely Inelastic Collisions Three Special Cases of Completely Inelastic Collisions 8-5 In an Elastic Collision Both Momentum and Mechanical Energy are Conserved 8-6 What Happens in a Collision is Related to the Time the Colliding Objects are in Contact Collision Force, Contact Time, and Momentum Change The Impulse-Momentum Theorem Versus the Work-Energy Theorem 8-7 The Center of Mass of a System Moves as Though All of the System’s Mass Were Concentrated There Averages and Weighted Averages More on the Position of the Center of Mass Momentum, Force, and the Motion of the Center of Mass End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 9 Rotational Motion 9-1 Rotation is an Important and Ubiquitous Kind of Motion 9-2 The Equations for Rotational Kinematics are Almost Identical to Those for Linear Motion Angular Velocity and Angular Speed Speed of a Point on a Rotating Object Angular Acceleration Motion with Constant Angular Acceleration Tangential Acceleration of a Point on a Rotating Object 9-3 Torque is to Rotation as Force is to Translation Defining the Magnitude and Direction of Torque Lever Arms in Anatomy Torque, Angular Acceleration, and Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 9-4 An Object’s Moment of Inertia Depends on Its Mass Distribution and the Choice of Rotation Axis Moment of Inertia of a Collection of Small Pieces The Parallel-Axis Theorem The Moment of Inertia for Common Shapes 9-5 The Techniques Used for Solving Problems with Newton’s Second Law Also Apply to Rotation Problems Combined Translation and Rotation and Rolling Without Slipping Rolling Without Slipping: What Kind of Friction Acts? 9-6 An Object’s Rotational Kinetic Energy is Related to Its Angular Speed and its Moment of Inertia Rotational Kinetic Energy Conservation of Mechanical Energy in Rotational Motion Rolling Without Slipping Revisited 9-7 Angular Momentum is Conserved When There is Zero Net Torque on a System Angular Momentum and Angular Momentum Conservation Angular Momentum of a Particle Angular Momentum and a Rotational “Collision” 9-8 Rotational Quantities Such as Angular Momentum and Torque are Actually Vectors Angular Velocity and Angular Momentum as Vectors Torque as a Vector Torques, Forces, and Equilibrium End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 10 Elastic Properties of Matter: Stress and Strain 10-1 When an Object is Under Stress, it Deforms 10-2 An Object Changes Length When Under Tensile or Compressive Stress Hooke’s Law Relating Stress and Strain 10-3 An Object Expands or Shrinks When Under Volume Stress Relating Volume Stress and Volume Strain: Hooke’s Law Revisited 10-4 A Solid Object Changes Shape When Under Shear Stress 10-5 Objects Deform Permanently or Fail When Placed Under too Much Stress From Elastic to Plastic to Failure Biological Tissue: From Elastic to Failure End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 11 Fluids 11-1 Liquids and Gases are Both Examples of Fluids 11-2 Density Measures the Amount of Mass Per Unit Volume 11-3 Pressure in a Fluid is Caused by the Impact of Molecules 11-4 In a Fluid at Rest Pressure Increases with Increasing Depth Hydrostatic Equilibrium A Uniform-Density Fluid: The Equation of Hydrostatic Equilibrium 11-5 Scientists and Medical Professionals Use Various Units for Measuring Fluid Pressure Measuring Pressure Gauge Pressure Blood Pressure 11-6 A Difference in Pressure on Opposite Sides of an oBject Produces a Net Force on the Object The Lungs 11-7 A Pressure Increase at One Point in a Fluid Causes a Pressure Increase Throughout the Fluid 11-8 Archimedes’ Principle Helps us Understand Buoyancy Floating: Submarines, Fish, Ships, and Balloons Apparent Weight 11-9 Fluids in Motion Behave Differently Depending on the Flow Speed and the Fluid Viscosity Steady Flow and Unsteady Flow Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow Viscous Flow and Inviscid Flow The Equation of Continuity 11-10 Bernoulli’s Equation Helps us Relate Pressure and Speed in Fluid Motion Bernoulli’s Equation Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle 11-11 Viscosity is Important in Many Types of Fluid Flow Reynolds Number: Comparing Viscous Forces and Forces Due to Pressure Differences Low Reynolds Number: Laminar Flow High Reynolds Number: Turbulent Flow 11-12 Surface Tension Explains the Shape of Raindrops and How Respiration is Possible End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 12 Oscillations 12-1 We Live in a World of Oscillations 12-2 Oscillations are Caused by the Interplay Between a Restoring Force and Inertia Oscillation Period and Frequency Oscillation Amplitude 12-3 The Simplest Form of Oscillation Occurs When the Restoring Force Obeys Hooke’s law Uniform Circular Motion and Hooke’s Law Simple Harmonic Motion: Angular Frequency, Period, and Frequency Simple Harmonic Motion: Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 12-4 Mechanical Energy is Conserved in Simple Harmonic Motion 12-5 The Motion of a Pendulum is Approximately Simple Harmonic 12-6 A Physical Pendulum Has Its Mass Distributed Over Its Volume 12-7 When Damping is Present, the Amplitude of an Oscillating System Decreases Over Time Underdamped Oscillations Critically Damped and Overdamped Oscillations 12-8 Forcing a System to Oscillate at the Right Frequency Can Cause Resonance End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 13 Waves 13-1 Waves are Disturbances That Travel From Place to Place 13-2 Mechanical Waves can be Transverse, Longitudinal, or a Combination of These 13-3 Sinusoidal Waves are Related to Simple Harmonic Motion Sinusoidal Waves: Wavelength, Amplitude, Period, Frequency, and Propagation Speed Sinusoidal Waves: Displacement as a Function of Position and Time Sinusoidal Sound Waves 13-4 The Propagation Speed of a Wave Depends on the Properties of the Wave Medium Speed of a Transverse Wave on a String The Speed of Longitudinal Waves 13-5 When Two Waves are Present Simultaneously, the Total Disturbance is the Sum of the Individual Waves 13-6 A Standing Wave is Caused by Interference Between Waves Traveling in Opposite Directions Standing Waves on a String: Modes Standing Waves on a String: Frequencies and Musical Sound 13-7 Wind Instruments, the Human Voice, and the Human Ear Use standing Sound Waves Standing Waves and Wind Instruments: Closed Pipes Standing Waves and Wind Instruments: Open Pipes 13-8 Two Sound Waves of Slightly Different Frequencies Produce Beats 13-9 The Intensity of a Wave Equals the Power That it Delivers Per Square Meter Wave Energy, Power, and Intensity Sound and the Inverse-Square Law Sound Intensity Level 13-10 The Frequency of a Sound Depends on the Motion of the Source and the Listener The Doppler Effect and Frequency Shift Sound from a Supersonic Source End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 14 Thermodynamics I: Temperature and Heat 14-1 A Knowledge of Thermodynamics is Essential for Understanding Almost Everything Around You — Including Your Own Body 14-2 Temperature is a Measure of the Energy Within a Substance 14-3 In a Gas, Temperature and Molecular Kinetic Energy are Directly Related The Ideal Gas Law Temperature and Translational Kinetic Energy Degrees of Freedom Mean Free Path 14-4 Most Substances Expand When the Temperature Increases Linear Expansion Volume Expansion 14-5 Heat is Energy That Flows Due to a Temperature Difference 14-6 Energy Must Enter or Leave an Object For it to Change Phase Latent Heat Phase Diagrams 14-7 Heat can be Transferred by Radiation, Convection, or Conduction Radiation Radiation and Climate Convection Conduction End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 15 Thermodynamics II: Laws of Thermodynamics 15-1 The Laws of Thermodynamics Involve Energy and Entropy 15-2 The First Law of Thermodynamics Relates Heat Flow, Work Done, and Internal Energy Change Internal Energy Change and Thermodynamic Paths 15-3 A Graph of Pressure Versus Volume Helps to Describe What Happens in a Thermodynamic Process Isobaric Processes Isothermal Processes Adiabatic Processes Isochoric Processes 15-4 The Concept of Molar Specific Heat Helps us Understand Isobaric, Isochoric, and Adiabatic Processes for Ideal Gases Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas Cp, CV, and Degrees of Freedom Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 15-5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Describes Why Some Processes are Impossible Heat Engines and the Second Law The Carnot Cycle Refrigerators 15-6 The Entropy of a System is a Measure of its Disorder Entropy Change in a Reversible Process Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 16 Electrostatics I: Electric Charge, Forces, and Fields 16-1 Electric Forces and Electric Charges are All Around You — and Within You 16-2 Matter Contains Positive and Negative Electric Charge 16-3 Charge can Flow Freely in a Conductor but Not in an Insulator 16-4 Coulomb’s Law Describes the Force Between Charged Objects 16-5 The Concept of Electric Field Helps Us Visualize How Charges Exert Forces at a Distance Electric Field of a Point Charge Electric Field of an Arrangement of Charges 16-6 Gauss’s Law Gives Us More Insight into the Electric Field Water Flux and Electric Flux Electric Flux Through a Closed Surface: Gauss’s Law 16-7 In Certain Situations Gauss’s Law Helps Us Calculate the Electric Field and Determine How Charge is Distributed Electric Field of a Spherical Charge Distribution Electric Field of a Large, Flat, Charged Disk Excess Charge on Conductors End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 17 Electrostatics II: Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential 17-1 Electric Energy is Important in Nature, Technology, and Biological Systems 17-2 Electric Potential Energy Changes When a Charge Moves in an Electric Field Electric Potential Energy in a Uniform Field Electric Potential Energy of Point Charges 17-3 Electric Potential Equals Electric Potential Energy Per Charge Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge 17-4 The Electric Potential Has the Same Value Everywhere on an Equipotential Surface 17-5 A Capacitor Stores Equal Amounts of Positive and Negative Charge 17-6 A Capacitor is a Storehouse of Electric Potential Energy 17-7 Capacitors can be Combined in Series or in Parallel Capacitors in Series Capacitors in Parallel 17-8 Placing a Dielectric Between the Plates of a Capacitor Increases the Capacitance End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 18 DC Circuits: Electric Charges in Motion 18-1 Life on Earth and Our Technological Society are Only Possible Because of Charges in Motion 18-2 Electric Current Equals the Rate at Which Charge Flows Current Drift Speed Direct Current and Alternating Current 18-3 The Resistance to Current Through an Object Depends on the Object’s Resistivity and Dimensions 18-4 Resistance is Important in Both Technology and Physiology 18-5 Kirchhoff’s Rules Help Us to Analyze Simple Electric Circuits A Single-Loop Circuit and Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule Resistors in Series Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule and Resistors in Parallel 18-6 The Rate at Which Energy is Produced or Taken in by a Circuit Element Depends on Current and Voltage Power in a Circuit Element 18-7 A circuit Containing a Resistor and Capacitor Has a Current That Varies with Time A Series RC Circuit: Charging the Capacitor A Series RC Circuit: Discharging the Capacitor End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 19 Magnetism: Forces and Fields 19-1 Magnetic Forces, Like Electric Forces, Act at a Distance 19-2 Magnetism is an Interaction Between Moving Charges 19-3 A Moving Point Charge Can Experience a Magnetic Force 19-4 A Mass Spectrometer Uses Magnetic Forces to Differentiate Atoms of Different Masses 19-5 Magnetic Fields Exert Forces on Current-Carrying Wires 19-6 A Magnetic Field Can Exert a Torque on a Current Loop 19-7 Ampère’s Law Describes the Magnetic Field Created by Current-Carrying Wires A Long, Straight Wire and Ampère’s Law Using Ampère’s Law: Magnetic Field of a Solenoid Magnetic Field of a Current Loop Magnetic Materials 19-8 Two Current-Carrying Wires Exert Magnetic Forces on Each Other End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Induction 20-1 The World Runs on Electromagnetic Induction 20-2 A Changing Magnetic Flux Creates an Electric Field 20-3 Lenz’s Law Describes the Direction of the Induced Emf 20-4 Faraday’s Law Explains How Alternating Currents are Generated End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 21 Alternating-Current Circuits 21-1 Most Circuits Use Alternating Current 21-2 We Need to Analyze Ac Circuits Differently Than Dc Circuits 21-3 Transformers Allow Us to Change the Voltage of an Ac Power Source 21-4 An Inductor is a Circuit Element That Opposes Changes in Current Inductance of a Coil The emf of an Inductor 21-5 In a Circuit with an Inductor and Capacitor, Charge and Current Oscillate An LC Circuit and Simple Harmonic Motion Energy in an LC Circuit 21-6 When an ac Voltage Source is Attached in Series to an Inductor, a Resistor, and a Capacitor, the Circuit Can Display Resonance An ac Source and a Resistor An ac Source and a Capacitor An ac Source and an Inductor A Driven Series LRC Circuit 21-7 Diodes are Important Parts of many Common Circuits End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Waves 22-1 Light is Just One Example of an Electromagnetic Wave 22-2 In an Electromagnetic Plane Wave, Electric and Magnetic Fields Both Oscillate 22-3 Maxwell’s Equations Explain Why Electromagnetic Waves are Possible Gauss’s Laws for Electricity and Magnetism What Gauss’s Laws Tell Us About Electromagnetic Waves Faraday’s Law: A Changing Magnetic Field Generates an Electric Field The Maxwell–Ampère Law: A Changing Electric Field Generates a Magnetic Field What Faraday’s Law and the Maxwell–Ampère Law Tell Us About Electromagnetic Waves 22-4 Electromagnetic Waves Carry Both Electric and Magnetic Energy, and Come in Packets Called Photons Energy in Electric and Magnetic Fields Energy in an Electromagnetic Plane Wave Photons End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 23 Physical Optics: Wave Properties of Light 23-1 The Wave Nature of Light Explains Much About How Light Behaves 23-2 Huygens’ Principle Explains the Reflection and Refraction of Light Huygens’ Principle and Reflection Huygens’ Principle and Refraction Frequency and Wavelength in Refraction 23-3 In Some Cases Light Undergoes Total Internal Reflection at the Boundary Between Media 23-4 The Dispersion of Light Explains the Colors From a Prism or a Rainbow 23-5 In a Polarized Light Wave the Electric Field Vector Points in a Specific Direction Polarizing Light with a Polarizing Filter Polarizing Light by Reflection 23-6 Light Waves Reflected From the Surfaces of a Thin Film can Interfere with Each Other, Producing Dazzling Effects 23-7 Interference Can Occur When Light Passes Through Two Narrow, Parallel Slits Locating the Interference Maxima and Minima 23-8 Diffraction is the Spreading of Light When it Passes Through a Narrow Opening 23-9 The Diffraction of Light Through a Circular Aperture is Important in Optics End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? 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Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 24 Geometrical Optics: Ray Properties of Light 24-1 Mirrors or Lenses Can Be Used To Form Images 24-2 A Plane Mirror Produces an Image That is Reversed Back to Front 24-3 A Concave Mirror Can Produce an Image of a Different Size Than the Object 24-4 Simple Equations Give the Position and Magnification of the Image Made by a Concave Mirror The Mirror Equation for a Concave Mirror Magnification for a Concave Mirror 24-5 A Convex Mirror Always Produces an Image That is Smaller Than the Object 24-6 The Same Equations Used for Concave Mirrors Also Work for Convex Mirrors The Mirror Equation for a Convex Mirror Magnification for a Convex Mirror 24-7 Convex Lenses Form Images Like Concave Mirrors and Vice Versa Ray Diagrams for Converging Lenses Ray Diagrams for Diverging Lenses 24-8 The Focal Length of a Lens is Determined by Its Index of Refraction and the Curvature of Its Surfaces Focal Length of a Thin Lens Image Position and Magnification for a Thin Lens 24-9 A Camera and the Human Eye Use Different Methods to Focus on Objects at Various Distances The Camera The Human Eye 24-10 The Concept of Angular Magnification Plays an Important Role in Several Optical Devices The Magnifying Glass The Microscope The Telescope End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 25 Relativity 25-1 The Concepts of Relativity May Seem Exotic, But They’re Part of Everyday Life 25-2 Newton’s Mechanics Includes Some Ideas of Relativity 25-3 The Michelson–Morley Experiment Shows That Light Does Not Obey Newtonian Relativity 25-4 Einstein’s Relativity Predicts That the Time Between Events Depends on the Observer The Twin Paradox 25-5 Einstein’s Relativity also Predicts That the Length of an Object Depends on the Observer Length Contraction The Lorentz Transformation 25-6 The Speed of Light is the Ultimate Speed Limit 25-7 The Equations for Kinetic Energy and Momentum Must be Modified at Very High Speeds 25-8 Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity Describes the Fundamental Nature of Gravity Predictions of General Relativity End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 26 Quantum Physics and Atomic Structure 26-1 Experiments That Probe the Nature of Light and Matter Reveal the Limits of Classical Physics 26-2 The Photoelectric Effect and Blackbody Radiation Show that Light is Absorbed and Emitted in the Form of Photons The Photoelectric Effect Blackbody Radiation 26-3 As a Result of its Photon Character, Light Changes Wavelength When it is Scattered 26-4 Matter, Like Light, has Aspects of Both Waves and Particles 26-5 The Spectra of Light Emitted and Absorbed by Atoms Show that Atomic Energies are Quantized The Nuclear Atom The Discovery of Atomic Spectra Energy Quantization 26-6 Models by Bohr and Schrödinger Give Insight into the Intriguing Structure of the Atom The Bohr Model Confirming Energy Quantization Beyond the Bohr Model: Quantum Mechanics 26-7 In Quantum Mechanics, it is Impossible to Know Precisely Both a Particle’s Position and its Momentum End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 27 Nuclear Physics 27-1 The Quantum Concepts That Help Explain Atoms are Essential for Understanding The Nucleus 27-2 The Strong Nuclear Force Holds Nuclei Together Nuclides, Isotopes, and Nuclear Sizes Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 27-3 Some Nuclei are More Tightly Bound and More Stable than Others 27-4 The Largest Nuclei can Release Energy by Undergoing Fission and Splitting Apart 27-5 The Smallest Nuclei can Release Energy if they are Forced to Fuse Together 27-6 Unstable Nuclei May Emit Alpha, Beta, or gamma radiation Radioactive Decay and Half-Life Alpha Radiation Beta Radiation Gamma Radiation Biological Effects of Radiation End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Chapter 28 Particle Physics and Beyond 28-1 Studying the Ultimate Constituents of Matter Helps Reveal the Nature of the Universe 28-2 Most Forms of Matter can be Explained by Just a Handful of Fundamental Particles Hadrons and Quarks Leptons Conservation Laws for Hadrons and Leptons 28-3 Four Fundamental Forces Describe all Interactions Between Material Objects The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited Exchange Particles: The Electromagnetic Force Exchange Particles: The Strong Force Exchange Particles: The Weak Force and the Gravitational Force The Standard Model and the Higgs Particle 28-4 We Live in an Expanding Universe, and the Nature of Most of its Contents is a Mystery The Hubble Law and the Expansion of the Universe The Big Bang, Cosmic Background Radiation, and the Origin of Matter Dark Matter and Dark Energy End of Chapter Key Terms Chapter Summary Answer to What do you think? Question Answers to Got the Concept? Questions Questions and Problems Appendix A SI Units and Conversion Factors Appendix B Numerical Data Appendix C Table of Atomic Masses Appendix D Math Symbols, Prefixes, and Definitions Glossary Math Tutorial M-1 Significant figures M-2 Equations M-3 Direct and inverse proportions M-4 Linear equations M-5 Quadratic equations and factoring M-6 Exponents and logarithms M-7 Geometry M-8 Trigonometry M-9 The dot product M-10 The cross product Answers to Odd Problems Index Periodic Table of the Elements Back Cover
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