A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd Edition
- Length: 418 pages
- Edition: 2
- Language: English
- Publisher: Cambridge University Press
- Publication Date: 2022-03-24
- ISBN-10: 1316514641
- ISBN-13: 9781316514641
- Sales Rank: #2061152 (See Top 100 Books)
A new edition of a successful undergraduate textbook on contemporary international Standard English grammar, based on Huddleston and Pullum’s earlier award-winning work, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2002). The analyses defended there are outlined here more briefly, in an engagingly accessible and informal style. Errors of the older tradition of English grammar are noted and corrected, and the excesses of prescriptive usage manuals are firmly rebutted in specially highlighted notes that explain what older authorities have called ‘incorrect’ and show why those authorities are mistaken. Intended for students in colleges or universities who have little or no background in grammar or linguistics, this teaching resource contains numerous exercises and online resources suitable for any course on the structure of English in either linguistics or English departments. A thoroughly modern undergraduate textbook, rewritten in an easy-to-read conversational style with a minimum of technical and theoretical terminology.
Half title Title page Imprints page Contents Preface for the Student Preface for the Instructor Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 The English Language 1.1.1 Standard English 1.1.2 Written and Spoken English 1.1.3 British and American Subvarieties 1.1.4 Other Dialects 1.1.5 Formal and Informal Style 1.2 Describing and Advising 1.2.1 Technical Terms for Grammatical Description 1.3 The Structure of Sentences 1.3.1 Constituents 1.3.2 Categories 1.3.3 Functions 1.4 Investigation and Disconfirmation Exercises on Chapter 1 2 Overview of the Book 2.1 Word Forms and Lexemes 2.1.1 Lexeme Categories 2.1.2 Lexemes Belonging to More than One Category 2.2 Phrases and Clauses 2.2.1 Heads and Dependents 2.2.2 Phrasal Categories 2.2.3 Clauses 2.3 Verbs and Verb Phrases 2.3.1 Subcategories 2.3.2 Verb Meanings 2.4 Complements in the Clause 2.5 Nouns and Noun Phrases 2.5.1 Nouns Contrasts with Traditional Grammar Noun Meanings 2.5.2 Determinatives Determinative Meanings Contrasts with Traditional Grammar 2.6 Adjectives and Adverbs 2.6.1 Adjectives Adjective Meanings Differences from Traditional Grammar 2.6.2 Adverbs 2.7 Prepositions 2.7.1 Preposition Stranding 2.7.2 Preposition Meanings 2.7.3 Contrasts with Traditional Grammar 2.8 Adjuncts 2.9 Negation 2.10 Clause Type 2.11 Subordinate Clauses 2.12 Relative Constructions 2.12.1 Contrasts with Traditional Grammar 2.13 Comparative and Superlative Constructions 2.14 Non-Finite Clauses 2.14.1 Contrasts with Traditional Grammar 2.15 Coordination 2.15.1 Contrasts with Traditional Grammar 2.16 Information Packaging Appendix: Notational Conventions Exercises on Chapter 2 3 Verbs and Verb Phrases 3.1 Verb Inflection 3.1.1 The Verb Paradigm Inflectional Form versus Written Shape Primary versus Secondary Forms Preterite Present Tense Third Person Singular Present versus Plain Present The Plain Form The Gerund-Participle The Past Participle 3.1.2 Verb Forms and Shape Sharing Shape Sharing between Preterite and Past Participle Shape Sharing between Plain Present and Plain Form Minor Cases of Shape Sharing 3.2 Auxiliary Verbs 3.2.1 Distinctive Properties of English Auxiliary Verbs Subject–Auxiliary Inversion Negation 3.2.2 Modal Auxiliaries Lack of Secondary Inflectional Forms No Distinct Third Singular Agreement Form in the Present Tense Bare Infinitival Complement 3.2.3 Dually Classified Verbs Do Have Dare and Need 3.2.4 Auxiliary Verbs Cross-Linguistically 3.3 Perfective and Imperfective Interpretations 3.3.1 Perfective versus Perfect 3.4 Primary Tense: The Present and Preterite 3.4.1 The Present Tense Present Time Future Time, I: The Futurate Future Time, II: Subordinate Clauses Past Time: The Historic Present 3.4.2 The Preterite Past Time Modal Remoteness: The Modal Preterite Backshift 3.5 Secondary Tense: The Perfect 3.5.1 The Present Perfect Time Adjuncts Current Relevance 3.5.2 The Preterite Perfect 3.5.3 Perfect with No Primary Tense 3.5.4 The Continuative Perfect 3.6 Progressive Aspect 3.6.1 The Concept of Aspect 3.6.2 The Progressive and Imperfectivity 3.6.3 Contrasts between Non-Progressive and Progressive 3.6.4 The Progressive Futurate 3.7 Modality and the Modal System 3.7.1 Meanings of the Modal Auxiliaries The Epistemic versus Deontic Contrast Dynamic Interpretations 3.7.2 The Preterite Forms of the Modals Similarities with Ordinary Preterites Differences from Other Preterites 3.7.3 Futurity and Modality Will Doesn’t Contrast with Past and Present: It Combines with Them Intrinsic Connection between Futurity and Modality Will Is a Modal Like Can, May, and Must 3.7.4 Irrealis Were Exercises on Chapter 3 4 Complements in Clauses 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Predicates and Heads 4.1.2 Diagramming Clause Structure 4.1.3 An Abbreviatory Convention for Diagrams 4.1.4 Lexical Heads Determine Some Phrase Contents 4.1.5 Complements and Modifiers 4.1.6 Subjects Are External Complements 4.2 The Subject 4.2.1 Distinctive Syntactic Properties of the Subject in English Basic Position Case Verb Agreement Subject–Auxiliary Inversion 4.2.2 Traditional Errors in Defining the Subject Subject and Agent Subject and Topic 4.3 The Object 4.3.1 Distinctive Syntactic Properties of the Object in English 4.3.2 Direct and Indirect Objects Alternation with a PP Construction Syntactic Distinction between Direct and Indirect Object 4.4 Predicative Complements 4.4.1 Contrasting Predicative Complements with Objects PredComp Can Have the Form of AdjP PredComp Can Have the Form of a Bare Role NP PredComp Does Not Correspond to Passive Subject PredComp Can (Marginally) Be a Nominative Pronoun 4.4.2 Subject-Oriented and Object-Oriented PredComps 4.4.3 Ascriptive and Specifying Uses of the Verb Be Ascriptive/Specifying Ambiguity Syntactic Differences 4.5 Overview of Complementation in VPs 4.5.1 Objects and Predicative Complements 4.5.2 PP Complements 4.5.3 Subordinate Clause Complements Exercises on Chapter 4 5 Nouns and Determinatives 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Major Distinctive Properties of Prototypical NPs Function Form Types of Dependent Functions Internal and External Dependents 5.1.2 What Nouns Denote 5.1.3 Subclasses of Noun 5.2 Number and Countability 5.2.1 Count and Non-Count Nouns Strictly Non-Count Singular Nouns Strictly Non-Count Plural Nouns Nouns with Both Count and Non-Count Uses The Meaning Distinction between Count and Non-Count Marking of the Count versus Non-Count Distinction Plurality Favours the Count Interpretation Singular Common Noun with No Determiner Favours Non-Count Interpretation Certain Determinatives Restricted to One Interpretation 5.2.2 Subject–Verb Agreement Measure Expressions Certain Quantificational Nouns Collective Nouns Any, No, None, Either, Neither 5.3 Determiners and Determinatives 5.3.1 Definiteness Definite NPs Indefinite Article Articles with Plural NPs Which Determinatives Are Definite and Indefinite 5.3.2 DPs as Modifiers 5.3.3 Determinative Phrases Containing Dependents 5.4 Complements in NP Structure 5.4.1 PP Complements in Nominals The Complements Correspond to Subjects or Objects The Choice of Preposition Is Specified by the Head Noun The PP Is Obligatory because of the Meaning 5.4.2 Subordinate Clause Complements in Nominals 5.4.3 Indirect Complements 5.5 Internal Modifiers in Nominals 5.5.1 Pre-Head Modifiers 5.5.2 Post-Head Modifiers 5.5.3 Combinations of Modifiers 5.6 External Modifiers 5.6.1 Predeterminer Modifiers 5.6.2 Peripheral Modifiers 5.7 The Fused-Head Construction 5.7.1 Three Kinds of Fused Head The Simple Subtype The Partitive Subtype The Special Subtype 5.7.2 Exceptions to Determiner-Head Fusion The, A(n), Every What No and Its Variant None 5.7.3 Fused Modifier-Heads 5.7.4 Compound Forms 5.8 Pronouns 5.8.1 Deictic and Anaphoric Uses of Pronouns Deictic Uses of Pronouns Anaphoric Uses of Pronouns 5.8.2 Personal Pronouns The Category of Person The Non-Deictic Use of You Gender Generic Singular Pronoun Denoting a Person 5.8.3 Inflection Reflexive Forms The Nominative–Accusative Case Contrast Case in Coordinations Genitive Case 5.8.4 Reciprocal Pronouns 5.9 Genitive Case 5.9.1 Genitive Nouns and Genitive NPs Genitive Pronouns 5.9.2 Other Uses of the Genitive 5.9.3 The Terms ‘Genitive’ and ‘Possessive’ Exercises on Chapter 5 6 Adjectives and Adverbs 6.1 Adjectives 6.1.1 Distinctive Properties of Prototypical Adjectives Function Grade Modification 6.1.2 Adjectives versus Nouns Inflection Determiners Modifiers Function Overlap between the Categories The Fused Modifier-Head Construction 6.1.3 Adjectives versus Verbs Inflection and Grade Modifiers Function Overlap between the Categories 6.1.4 Adjectives versus Determinatives 6.1.5 Gradable and Non-Gradable Adjectives 6.1.6 The Structure of Adjective Phrases Complements Modifiers 6.1.7 Predicative Complements and Predicative Adjuncts 6.1.8 Adjectives Limited to Modifier or Complement Function Attributive-Only Adjectives Never-Attributive Adjectives Restrictions May Apply to Senses rather than Lexemes Structural Restrictions on Attributive Adjectives 6.1.9 Other Functions of AdjPs Postpositives External Modifiers 6.2 Adverbs 6.2.1 Adverb Phrases as Modifiers of Phrases other than Nominals 6.2.2 Adverbs versus Adjectives Overlap between the Categories Adjectives as well as Adverbs Can Be Formed with ·ly 6.2.3 The Structure of AdvPs Complements Modifiers Exercises on Chapter 6 7 Prepositions and Particles 7.1 The Traditional Category of Prepositions 7.1.1 They License Objects 7.1.2 No Inflection 7.1.3 Meaning: Relations in Space or Time 7.1.4 Function: Head of a Wide Range of Dependents 7.1.5 PPs Selected by Certain Verbs 7.2 Extending the Preposition Category 7.2.1 Prepositions and Subordinators 7.2.2 Prepositions versus Adverbs Prepositions with Optional Objects Dependents in Nominals Complement of a Be Verb Phrase Further Extensions of the Preposition Category 7.3 Further Category Contrasts 7.3.1 Prepositions versus Adjectives Objects Inflection and Gradability The Predicand Test Complement in a Become VP 7.3.2 Prepositions versus Verbs 7.4 Grammaticized Uses of Prepositions 7.5 Preposition Stranding 7.5.1 Choice between Stranding and Fronting Constructions Style Syntactic Factors that Disfavour or Exclude Stranding Syntactic Factors that Disfavour or Exclude Fronting 7.5.2 Stranding Where the Object Is Simply Missing 7.6 The Structure of PPs 7.6.1 Complements Object and Predicative Complement PPs AdvPs Subordinate Clauses Prepositions with No Complement 7.6.2 Modification The Syntax of Ago 7.7 PP Complements in Clause Structure 7.7.1 Goal, Source, and Location 7.7.2 Complements Licensed by Prepositional Verbs Fossilization 7.7.3 Particles Particles Never Precede Unstressed Personal Pronoun Objects 7.7.4 Verb-Based Idioms Idioms Need Not Be Syntactic Constituents 7.8 Prepositional Idioms and Fossilization Exercises on Chapter 7 8 Adjuncts: Modifiers and Supplements 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Degrees of Integration 8.1.2 Interrogative Words for Adjuncts 8.2 Manner, Means, and Instrument 8.3 Act-Related Adjuncts 8.4 Space and Time 8.5 Degree 8.6 Purpose, Reason, and Result 8.7 Concessives 8.8 Conditionals 8.8.1 Exhaustive Conditionals 8.9 Four Other Clause-Modifying Adjuncts 8.9.1 Domain Adjuncts 8.9.2 Modal Adjuncts 8.9.3 Evaluative Adjuncts 8.9.4 Speech-Act Adjuncts 8.10 Connective Adjuncts 8.11 Supplements 8.11.1 Anchors 8.11.2 Range of Categories Functioning as Supplements Exercises on Chapter 8 9 Negation 9.1 Negative and Positive Clauses 9.1.1 The Not Even Test for Negative Polarity 9.1.2 The Tell-Tale Adjuncts So and Neither 9.1.3 Confirmation Tags: Aren’t They? 9.2 Subclausal Negation 9.2.1 Affixal Negation 9.2.2 Other Cases of Subclausal Negation 9.3 Clausal Negation 9.3.1 Verb Negation Conditions for Insertion of Dummy Do with Verb Negation In Clauses with a Primary Verb Form In Imperative Clauses Inflectional Verb Form versus Not 9.3.2 Non-Verb Clausal Negation Not As a Marker of Non-Verb Negation Other Markers of Non-Verb Negation Absolute Negators Approximate Negators 9.4 Non-Affirmative Items 9.4.1 Other Constructions that Accept Non-Affirmatives 9.5 Scope of Negation Exercises on Chapter 9 10 Clause Type 10.1 Speech Acts and Types of Clause 10.1.1 Where the Correlation Fails 10.1.2 It’s Clause Type, Not Sentence Type Clause Type in Main and Subordinate Clauses 10.1.3 Declarative As the Default Clause Type 10.2 Interrogatives and Questions 10.2.1 The Terms ‘Closed’ and ‘Open’ 10.2.2 The Form of Closed Interrogatives Closed Interrogatives versus Other Subject–Auxiliary Inversion Clauses Rising Intonation As a Marker of Questions 10.2.3 Two Kinds of Closed Questions Polar Questions Alternative Questions 10.2.4 Interrogative Tags 10.2.5 The Form of Open Interrogatives Interrogative Phrases and Their Position Case Multiple Interrogative Phrases 10.2.6 Answers to Questions with Open Interrogative Form Appropriate Replacements Open Interrogative Form May Express Closed Questions 10.2.7 Information Questions and Direction Questions 10.2.8 Echo Questions 10.3 Exclamatives 10.3.1 The Structure of Exclamative Clauses Exclamatives versus Exclamations 10.3.2 Exclamative What and How 10.4 Imperatives and Directives 10.4.1 The Form of Imperative Clauses 10.4.2 First Person Imperatives 10.4.3 Uses of the Imperative Imperatives as Directives Imperatives as Wishes Imperatives as Conditions 10.4.4 Non-Imperative Directives Interrogatives as Directives Declaratives as Directives 10.5 Performative Use of Speech Act Verbs 10.6 Minor Clause Types Exercises on Chapter 10 11 Subordinate Clauses 11.1 Subordination 11.1.1 Content Clause as the Default Subordinate Clause 11.2 Clause Type in Content Clauses 11.3 Declarative Content Clauses 11.3.1 The Subordinator That 11.3.2 Declaratives as Complement 11.3.3 The Mandative Construction Potential Ambiguity 11.4 Interrogative Content Clauses 11.4.1 Closed Interrogatives: Whether and If 11.4.2 Open Interrogatives 11.4.3 Interrogatives as Complement 11.4.4 Interrogatives as Adjunct 11.5 Exclamative Content Clauses 11.5.1 Subordinate Exclamatives Are Always Complements Exercises on Chapter 11 12 Relative Constructions 12.1 Relative Clauses as Modifiers in Nominals 12.1.1 Wh and Non-Wh Relative Clauses 12.1.2 The Relativized Element 12.1.3 Relativized Element within an Embedded Clause 12.1.4 The Relative Phrase 12.2 Integrated versus Supplementary Relatives 12.2.1 Intonation and Punctuation 12.2.2 Interpretation 12.2.3 Syntax Supplementary Relatives Are Always Wh Relatives The Antecedent Choices Are Different Which + Nominal Occurs Solely in Supplementary Relatives There Are Differences in Function 12.3 Integrated and Supplementary Relative Words 12.3.1 Personal versus Non-Personal Gender 12.3.2 Case: Nominative versus Accusative 12.4 Fused Relatives 12.4.1 Relative Words in the Fused Construction What as Determinative 12.4.2 Fused Relatives and Interrogative Content Clauses 12.5 A Relative Clause that Isn’t a Modifier in a Nominal Exercises on Chapter 12 13 Comparatives and Superlatives 13.1 Grade Inflection 13.1.1 The Superlative and Set Comparison 13.1.2 The Comparative and Term Comparison 13.1.3 Set Comparison with Comparative Forms 13.1.4 Implicit Comparison with Plain Forms 13.1.5 Non-Inflectional Marking of Grade 13.2 More and Most 13.2.1 More as Determinative 13.2.2 More as Adverb 13.2.3 Most 13.3 Less and Least 13.3.1 The Determinative Less 13.3.2 The Adverb Less 13.4 Comparison of Equality 13.5 Non-Scalar Comparison 13.6 Comparative Clauses 13.6.1 As in Non-Scalar Equality Comparison: As Expected 13.6.2 Comparative Clauses as Complements: Like We Used To Exercises on Chapter 13 14 Non-Finite Clauses 14.1 Finite and Non-Finite Clauses 14.2 The Form and Meaning of Non-Finite Clauses 14.2.1 Subordinators in To-Infinitivals: To and For 14.2.2 Subjectless Non-Finites Interpreting Subjectless Clauses Syntactic Determination No Syntactic Determination Non-Finite Clauses Functioning as Adjunct Predicand Derivable from Something in the Discourse Predicand Understood as a Participant in the Speech Act 14.2.3 Non-Finites with a Subject Infinitival Clauses Gerund-Participials Gerund-Participial as Complement Gerund-Participial as Adjunct 14.2.4 Hollow Non-Finite Clauses 14.3 The Functions of Non-Finite Clauses 14.3.1 To-Infinitivals Infinitival Interrogative Clauses 14.3.2 Bare Infinitivals 14.3.3 Gerund-Participials 14.3.4 Past-Participials 14.4 Transparent Verbs and Raised Subjects 14.4.1 Tests for Ordinary and Transparent Verbs Passive Infinitivals Dummy Pronouns as Subject Verbs with Gerund-Participial Complements Auxiliary Verbs 14.4.2 Objects and Internal Complement Clauses Evidence for Object Function Placement of Adjuncts The ‘Pseudo-Cleft’ Construction Passivization of the Matrix Clause The Distinction between Ordinary and Raised Objects Transitive Verbs with Gerund-Participial Complements Summary 14.5 Verbless Clauses 14.5.1 Verbless Clauses as Complement of a PP 14.5.2 Verbless Clauses Functioning Directly as Supplements Exercises on Chapter 14 15 Coordinations 15.1 The Structure of Coordinations 15.1.1 Coordinates and Their Coordinators 15.1.2 Where Coordinations Can Occur 15.2 Distinctive Syntactic Properties of Coordination 15.2.1 Unlimited Number of Coordinates 15.2.2 Coordinates Must Be Syntactically Similar The Similarity Is of Function rather than Category Further Predictions of the Likeness Requirement Qualifications and Refinements 15.2.3 Expanded Coordinates Are Not Like PPs 15.3 The Order of Coordinated Constituents 15.4 The Marking of Coordination 15.4.1 Unmarked Coordination 15.4.2 Repetition of Coordinators 15.4.3 Correlative Coordination 15.5 Layered Coordination 15.6 Main-Clause and Lower-Level Coordination 15.6.1 Equivalent Main-Clause and Lower-Level Coordinations 15.6.2 Non-Equivalent Main-Clause and Lower-Level Coordinations 15.7 Joint versus Distributive Coordination 15.8 Non-Basic Coordination 15.8.1 Expansion of Coordinates by Adjuncts 15.8.2 Gapped Coordination 15.8.3 Coordination of Non-Constituents 15.8.4 Delayed Right Constituent Coordination 15.8.5 End-Attached Coordinates Exercises on Chapter 15 16 Information Structure 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 The Basic Counterpart Exceptional Cases with No Well-Formed Basic Counterpart 16.1.2 Core Meaning and Information Packaging Exceptional Cases Where the Core Meanings Are Different 16.2 Passive Clauses 16.2.1 Syntactic Functions and Semantic Roles 16.2.2 Differences between Active and Passive Clauses 16.2.3 Information Packaging in Passives 16.2.4 Short Passives 16.2.5 Lexical Restrictions 16.2.6 Passives of Ditransitive Actives 16.2.7 Prepositional Passives Specified Preposition Unspecified Preposition 16.2.8 Get-Passives 16.2.9 Bare Passives Bare Passives as Complements of Transitive Verbs Bare Passives as Modifier 16.2.10 Adjectival Passives 16.3 Extraposition 16.3.1 Subject Extraposition Extraposition Is the More Frequent and Less Constrained Case 16.3.2 Internal Complement Extraposition 16.4 Existential Clauses 16.4.1 Bare Existentials: There Is a God 16.4.2 Extended Existentials: There’s a Café Nearby 16.4.3 Constraints on Basic and Existential Constructions Indefinite NPs Favour Existentials Definite NPs Favour Non-Existentials 16.4.4 Presentationals: There Appeared an Angel 16.5 The It-Cleft Construction 16.5.1 Syntactic Structure of the It-Cleft 16.5.2 The Foregrounded Element 16.5.3 Backgrounded Element as Presupposition 16.6 Pseudo-Clefts 16.6.1 The Foregrounded Element 16.6.2 Pseudo-Clefts and Specifying Be 16.7 Dislocation: He’s clever, your dad 16.7.1 Extraposition Is Not Right Dislocation 16.8 Preposing and Postposing 16.8.1 Preposing 16.8.2 Postposing 16.8.3 Subject-Auxiliary Inversion 16.8.4 Subject-Dependent Inversion 16.9 Reduction 16.9.1 Pro-Form versus Pronoun 16.9.2 Reduction of NPs Personal Pronouns The Pro-Forms One and Others The Fused Head Construction 16.9.3 Reduction of Clauses, VPs, and Other Phrases Clause Reduction VP Reduction Pro-Forms for Predicative Complements and Locative PPs Exercises on Chapter 16 Index
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