Wireless Blockchain: Principles, Technologies and Applications
- Length: 336 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press
- Publication Date: 2021-11-09
- ISBN-10: 1119790808
- ISBN-13: 9781119790808
- Sales Rank: #2342865 (See Top 100 Books)
p>Explore foundational concepts in blockchain theory with an emphasis on recent advances in theory and practice
In Wireless Blockchain: Principles, Technologies and Applications, accomplished researchers and editors Bin Cao, Lei Zhang, Mugen Peng, and Muhammad Ali Imran deliver a robust and accessible exploration of recent developments in the theory and practice of blockchain technology, systems, and potential application in a variety of industrial sectors, including manufacturing, entertainment, public safety, telecommunications, public transport, healthcare, financial services, automotive, and energy utilities.
The book presents the concept of wireless blockchain networks with different network topologies and communication protocols for various commonly used blockchain applications. You’ll discover how these variations and how communication networks affect blockchain consensus performance, including scalability, throughput, latency, and security levels.
You’ll learn the state-of-the-art in blockchain technology and find insights on how blockchain runs and co-works with existing systems, including 5G, and how blockchain runs as a service to support all vertical sectors efficiently and effectively. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:
- A thorough introduction to the Byzantine Generals problem, the fundamental theory of distributed system security and the foundation of blockchain technology
- An overview of advances in blockchain systems, their history, and likely future trends
- Practical discussions of Proof-of-Work systems as well as various Proof-of-“X” alternatives, including Proof-of-Stake, Proof-of-Importance, and Proof-of-Authority
- A concise examination of smart contracts, including trusted transactions, smart contract functions, design processes, and related applications in 5G/B5G
- A treatment of the theoretical relationship between communication networks and blockchain
Perfect for electrical engineers, industry professionals, and students and researchers in electrical engineering, computer science, and mathematics, Wireless Blockchain: Principles, Technologies and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of communication and computer system stakeholders, regulators, legislators, and research agencies.
Cover Title Page Copyright Contents List of Contributors Preface Abbreviations Chapter 1 What is Blockchain Radio Access Network? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What is B‐RAN 1.2.1 B‐RAN Framework 1.2.2 Consensus Mechanism 1.2.3 Implementation 1.3 Mining Model 1.3.1 Hash‐Based Mining 1.3.2 Modeling of Hash Trials 1.3.3 Threat Model 1.4 B‐RAN Queuing Model 1.5 Latency Analysis of B‐RAN 1.5.1 Steady‐State Analysis 1.5.2 Average Service Latency 1.6 Security Considerations 1.6.1 Alternative History Attack 1.6.2 Probability of a Successful Attack 1.7 Latency‐Security Trade‐off 1.8 Conclusions and Future Works 1.8.1 Network Effect and Congest Effect 1.8.2 Chicken and Eggs 1.8.3 Decentralization and Centralization 1.8.4 Beyond Bitcoin Blockchain References Chapter 2 Consensus Algorithm Analysis in Blockchain: PoW and Raft 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mining Strategy Analysis for the PoW Consensus‐Based Blockchain 2.2.1 Blockchain Preliminaries 2.2.2 Proof of Work and Mining 2.2.3 Honest Mining Strategy 2.2.4 PoW Blockchain Mining Model 2.2.4.1 State 2.2.4.2 Action 2.2.4.3 Transition and Reward 2.2.4.4 Objective Function 2.2.4.5 Honest Mining 2.2.4.6 Selfish Mining 2.2.4.7 Lead Stubborn Mining 2.2.4.8 Optimal Mining 2.2.5 Mining Through RL 2.2.5.1 Preliminaries for Original Reinforcement Learning Algorithm 2.2.5.2 New Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Mining 2.2.6 Performance Evaluations 2.3 Performance Analysis of the Raft Consensus Algorithm 2.3.1 Review of Raft Algorithm 2.3.2 System Model 2.3.3 Network Model 2.3.4 Network Split Probability 2.3.5 Average Number of Replies 2.3.6 Expected Number of Received Heartbeats for a Follower 2.3.7 Time to Transition to Candidate 2.3.8 Time to Elect a New Leader 2.3.9 Simulation Results 2.3.10 Discussion 2.3.10.1 Extended Model 2.3.10.2 System Availability and Consensus Efficiency 2.4 Conclusion References Chapter 3 A Low Communication Complexity Double‐layer PBFT Consensus 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 PBFT Applied to Blockchain 3.1.2 From CFT to BFT 3.1.2.1 State Machine Replication 3.1.2.2 Primary Copy 3.1.2.3 Quorum Voting 3.1.3 Byzantine Generals Problem 3.1.4 Byzantine Consensus Protocols 3.1.4.1 Two‐Phase Commit 3.1.4.2 View Stamp 3.1.4.3 PBFT Protocol 3.1.5 Motivations 3.1.6 Chapter Organizations 3.2 Double‐Layer PBFT‐Based Protocol 3.2.1 Consensus Flow 3.2.1.1 The Client 3.2.1.2 First‐Layer Protocol 3.2.1.3 Second‐Layer Protocol 3.2.2 Faulty Primary Elimination 3.2.2.1 Faulty Primary Detection 3.2.2.2 View Change 3.2.3 Garbage Cleaning 3.3 Communication Reduction 3.3.1 Operation Synchronization 3.3.2 Safety and Liveness 3.4 Communication Complexity of Double‐Layer PBFT 3.5 Security Threshold Analysis 3.5.1 Faulty Probability Determined 3.5.2 Faulty Number Determined 3.6 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Blockchain‐Driven Internet of Things 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Challenges and Issues in IoT 4.1.2 Advantages of Blockchain for IoT 4.1.3 Integration of IoT and Blockchain 4.2 Consensus Mechanism in Blockchain 4.2.1 PoW 4.2.2 PoS 4.2.3 Limitations of PoW and PoS for IoT 4.2.3.1 Resource Consumption 4.2.3.2 Transaction Fee 4.2.3.3 Throughput Limitation 4.2.3.4 Confirmation Delay 4.2.4 PBFT 4.2.5 DAG 4.2.5.1 Tangle 4.2.5.2 Hashgraph 4.3 Applications of Blockchain in IoT 4.3.1 Supply Chain 4.3.1.1 Introduction 4.3.1.2 Modified Blockchain 4.3.1.3 Integrated Architecture 4.3.1.4 Security Analysis 4.3.2 Smart City 4.3.2.1 Introduction 4.3.2.2 Smart Contract System 4.3.2.3 Main Functions of the Framework 4.3.2.4 Discussion 4.4 Issues and Challenges of Blockchain in IoT 4.4.1 Resource Constraints 4.4.2 Security Vulnerability 4.4.3 Privacy Leakage 4.4.4 Incentive Mechanism 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Hyperledger Blockchain‐Based Distributed Marketplaces for 5G Networks 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Marketplaces in Telecommunications 5.2.1 Wireless Spectrum Allocation 5.2.2 Network Slicing 5.2.3 Passive optical networks (PON) Sharing 5.2.4 Enterprise Blockchain: Hyperledger Fabric 5.2.4.1 Shared Ledger 5.2.4.2 Organizations 5.2.4.3 Consensus Protocol 5.2.4.4 Network Peers 5.2.4.5 Smart Contracts (chaincodes) 5.2.4.6 Channels 5.3 Distributed Resource Sharing Market 5.3.1 Market Mechanism (Auction) 5.3.2 Preliminaries 5.4 Experimental Design and Results 5.4.1 Experimental Blockchain Deployment 5.4.1.1 Cloud Infrastructure 5.4.1.2 Container Orchestration: Docker Swarm 5.4.2 Blockchain Performance Evaluation 5.4.3 Benchmark Apparatus 5.4.3.1 Hyperledger Caliper 5.4.3.2 Data Collection: Prometheus Monitor 5.4.4 Experimental Results 5.4.4.1 Maximum Transaction Throughput 5.4.4.2 Block Size 5.4.4.3 Network Size 5.5 Conclusions References Chapter 6 Blockchain for Spectrum Management in 6G Networks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.2.1 Rise of Micro‐operators 6.2.2 Case for Novel Spectrum Sharing Models 6.2.2.1 Blockchain for Spectrum Sharing 6.2.2.2 Blockchain in 6G Networks 6.3 Architecture of an Integrated SDN and Blockchain Model 6.3.1 SDN Platform Design 6.3.2 Blockchain Network Layer Design 6.3.3 Network Operation and Spectrum Management 6.4 Simulation Design 6.5 Results and Analysis 6.5.1 Radio Access Network and Throughput 6.5.2 Blockchain Performance 6.5.3 Blockchain Scalability Performance 6.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 Integration of MEC and Blockchain 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Typical Framework 7.2.1 Blockchain‐Enabled MEC 7.2.1.1 Background 7.2.1.2 Framework Description 7.2.2 MEC‐Based Blockchain 7.2.2.1 Background 7.2.2.2 Framework Description 7.3 Use Cases 7.3.1 Security Federated Learning via MEC‐Enabled Blockchain Network 7.3.1.1 Background 7.3.1.2 Blockchain‐Driven Federated Learning 7.3.1.3 Experimental Results 7.3.2 Blockchain‐Assisted Secure Authentication for Cross‐Domain Industrial IoT 7.3.2.1 Background 7.3.2.2 Blockchain‐Driven Cross‐Domain Authentication 7.3.2.3 Experimental Results 7.4 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Performance Analysis on Wireless Blockchain IoT System 8.1 Introduction 8.2 System Model 8.2.1 Blockchain‐Enabled IoT Network Model 8.2.2 Wireless Communication Model 8.3 Performance Analysis in Blockchain‐Enabled Wireless IoT Networks 8.3.1 Probability Density Function of SINR 8.3.2 TDP Transmission Successful Rate 8.3.3 Overall Communication Throughput 8.4 Optimal FN Deployment 8.5 Security Performance Analysis 8.5.1 Eclipse Attacks 8.5.2 Random Link Attacks 8.5.3 Random FN Attacks 8.6 Numerical Results and Discussion 8.6.1 Simulation Settings 8.6.2 Performance Evaluation without Attacks 8.7 Chapter Summary References Chapter 9 Utilizing Blockchain as a Citizen‐Utility for Future Smart Grids 9.1 Introduction 9.2 DET Using Citizen‐Utilities 9.2.1 Prosumer Community Groups 9.2.1.1 Microgrids 9.2.1.2 Virtual Power Plants (VPP) 9.2.1.3 Vehicular Energy Networks (VEN) 9.2.2 Demand Side Management 9.2.2.1 Energy Efficiency 9.2.2.2 Demand Response 9.2.2.3 Spinning Reserves 9.2.3 Open Research Challenges 9.2.3.1 Scalability and IoT Overhead Issues 9.2.3.2 Privacy Leakage Issues 9.2.3.3 Standardization and Interoperability Issues 9.3 Improved Citizen‐Utilities 9.3.1 Toward Scalable Citizen‐Utilities 9.3.1.1 Challenges 9.3.1.2 HARB Framework‐Based Citizen‐Utility 9.3.2 Toward Privacy‐Preserving Citizen‐Utilities 9.3.2.1 Threat Model 9.3.2.2 PDCH System 9.4 Conclusions References Chapter 10 Blockchain‐enabled COVID‐19 Contact Tracing Solutions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Preliminaries of BeepTrace 10.2.1 Motivation 10.2.1.1 Comprehensive Privacy Protection 10.2.1.2 Performance is Uncompromising 10.2.1.3 Broad Community Participation 10.2.1.4 Inclusiveness and Openness 10.2.2 Two Implementations are Based on Different Matching Protocols 10.3 Modes of BeepTrace 10.3.1 BeepTrace‐Active 10.3.1.1 Active Mode Workflow 10.3.1.2 Privacy Protection of BeepTrace‐Active 10.3.2 BeepTrace‐Passive 10.3.2.1 Two‐Chain Architecture and Workflow 10.3.2.2 Privacy Protection in BeepTrace‐Passive 10.4 Future Opportunity and Conclusions 10.4.1 Preliminary Approach 10.4.2 Future Directions 10.4.2.1 Network Throughput and Scalability 10.4.2.2 Technology for Elders and Minors 10.4.2.3 Battery Drainage and Storage Optimization 10.4.2.4 Social and Economic Aspects 10.4.3 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11 Blockchain Medical Data Sharing 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 General Overview 11.1.2 Defining Challenges 11.1.2.1 Data Security 11.1.2.2 Data Privacy 11.1.2.3 Source Identity 11.1.2.4 Data Utility 11.1.2.5 Data Interoperability 11.1.2.6 Trust 11.1.2.7 Data Provenance 11.1.2.8 Authenticity 11.1.3 Sharing Paradigms 11.1.3.1 Institution‐to‐Institution Data Sharing 11.1.3.2 Patient‐to‐Institution Data Sharing 11.1.3.3 Patient‐to‐Patient Data Sharing 11.1.4 Special Use Cases 11.1.4.1 Precision Medicine 11.1.4.2 Monetization of Medical Data 11.1.4.3 Patient Record Regeneration 11.1.5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 12 Decentralized Content Vetting in Social Network with Blockchain 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Related Literature 12.3 Content Propagation Models in Social Network 12.4 Content Vetting with Blockchains 12.4.1 Overview of the Solution 12.4.2 Unidirectional Offline Channel 12.4.3 Content Vetting with Blockchains 12.5 Optimized Channel Networks 12.6 Simulations of Content Propagation 12.7 Evaluation with Simulations of Social Network 12.8 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Index EULA
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