Optical Switching: Device Technology and Applications in Networks
- Length: 384 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Wiley
- Publication Date: 2022-08-16
- ISBN-10: 1119819237
- ISBN-13: 9781119819233
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
OPTICAL SWITCHING
Comprehensive coverage of optical switching technologies and their applications in optical networks
Optical Switching: Device Technology and Applications in Networks delivers an accessible exploration of the evolution of optical networks with clear explanations of the current state-of-the-art in the field and modern challenges in the development of Internet-of-Things devices. A variety of optical switches—including MEMS-based, magneto, photonic, and SOA-based—are discussed, as is the application of optical switches in networks.
The book is written in a tutorial style, easily understood by both undergraduate and graduate students. It describes the fundamentals and recent developments in optical switch networks and examines the architectural and design challenges faced by those who design and construct emerging optical switch networks, as well as how to overcome those challenges. The book offers ways to assess and analyze systems and applications, comparing a variety of approaches available to the reader. It also provides:
- A thorough introduction to switch characterization, including optical, electro optical, thermo optical, magneto optical, and acoustic-optic switches
- Comprehensive explorations of MEMS-based, SOA-based, liquid crystal, photonic crystal, and optical electrical optical (OEO) switches
- Practical discussions of quantum optical switches, as well as nonlinear optical switches
- In-depth examinations of the application of optical switches in networks, including switch fabric control and optical switching for high-performance computing
Perfect for researchers and professionals in the fields of telecommunications, Internet of Things, and optoelectronics, Optical Switching: Device Technology and Applications in Networks will also earn a place in the libraries of advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying optical networks, optical communications, and sensor applications.
Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface About the Editors List of Contributors Part A Introduction Introduction A. Optical Communication Networks A.1 Historical Perspective A.2 Essential Background B. Optical Switching in Networks B.1 Historical Perspective B.2 Essential Background C.Organization of This Book Bibliography Part B Switch Characterization Chapter 1 Optical Switches 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Electro-Optical Switching 1.2.1 Working Principle of Electro-Optical Switches 1.2.2 Realization of Electro-Optical Switches 1.3 Acoustic-Optical Switching 1.3.1 Types of Acoustic-Optical Switching 1.3.2 Acoustic-Optical Device Materials and Applications 1.4 Thermo-Optical Switching 1.4.1 Working Principle of Thermo-Optical Switches 1.4.2 Realization of Thermo-Optical Switches 1.4.3 Thermo-Optical Switch Materials and Applications 1.5 Liquid Crystal-Optical Switching 1.5.1 Types of Liquid Crystal-Optical Switches 1.5.2 Liquid Crystal-Optical Switch Applications 1.6 Photonic Crystal Optical Switching 1.7 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) Optical Switching 1.8 Magneto-Optical (MO) Optical Switching 1.9 Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Optical Switching 1.10 Metasurfaces Switches 1.11 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2 Electro-Optic Switches 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Operating Principles 2.2.1 Operating Principles of the Single-Mode Switch 2.2.2 Operating Principles of the Multimode Switch 2.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Electro-Optic Switch 2.3.1 Ferroelectric Materials 2.3.2 Compound Semiconductors 2.3.3 Polymers 2.4 Device Structures of Electro-Optical Switches 2.4.1 1 × 1 Switch 2.4.2 1 × 2 Switch 2.4.3 2 × 2 Switch 2.4.4 2 × 3 Switch 2.4.5 3 × 2 Switch 2.4.6 3 × 3 Switch 2.4.7 1 × 4 Switch 2.4.8 2 × 4 Switch 2.5 Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 3 Thermo-Optical Switches 3.1 History of Thermal Optical Switching 3.2 Principles of Thermo-Optic Switch 3.2.1 Thermo-Optic Effect 3.2.2 Trade-Off Between Switching Time and Power Consumption 3.2.3 Merits of Thermo-Optic Switch 3.3 Category 3.3.1 Material 3.3.2 Implementation Principle 3.3.3 Device Architecture 3.4 Scalability 3.4.1 Binary Tree 3.4.2 Modified Crossbar 3.4.3 Benes 3.5 Application Scenarios Bibliography Chapter 4 Magneto-Optical Switches 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Types of Optical Switch 4.1.2 How Does an Optical Switch Work? 4.1.3 Applications of Optical Switches 4.2 All-Optical Switch 4.2.1 Why is an All-Optical Switch Useful? 4.3 Magneto-Optical Switches 4.3.1 Magneto-Optical Switch Features 4.3.2 Principles of Magneto-Optical Switches 4.3.3 Magneto-Optic Effect 4.4 Faraday Rotation 4.4.1 Phenomenological Model 4.4.2 Atomic Model Bibliography Further Reading Chapter 5 Acousto-Optic Switches 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fundamentals of Acousto-Optic Effect 5.3 Acousto-Optic Diffraction 5.4 Raman–Nath Diffraction 5.5 Bragg Diffraction 5.6 Principle of Operation of AO Switches 5.7 Acousto-Optic Modulator 5.7.1 Acousto-Optic Q-Switching 5.7.2 Telecommunication Network 5.8 Recent Trends and Applications 5.8.1 Emerging Spatial Mode Conversion in Few-Mode Fibers 5.8.2 Lithium Niobate Thin Films 5.8.3 Optical Fiber Communication and Networking Bibliography Chapter 6 MEMS-based Optical Switches 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Micromachining Techniques 6.2.1 Bulk Micromachining 6.2.2 Surface Micromachining 6.3 Switch Architectures 6.3.1 One-Dimensional Switches 6.3.2 Two-Dimensional MEMS Switches 6.3.3 Three-Dimensional MEMS Switches 6.4 Mechanisms of Actuations 6.4.1 Electrostatic Actuation 6.4.2 Magnetic Actuation 6.4.3 Thermal Actuation 6.4.4 Piezoelectric Actuation Mechanisms 6.4.5 Other Actuation Mechanisms 6.5 Optical Switch Parameters 6.5.1 Switching Time 6.5.2 Insertion Loss 6.5.3 Crosstalk 6.5.4 Wavelength 6.5.5 Power Consumption 6.6 Challenges 6.6.1 Optical Beam Divergence 6.6.2 Angular Control 6.6.3 Reliability of Optical MEMS 6.7 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 7 SOA-based Optical Switches 7.1 Introduction 7.2 SOA Structure 7.2.1 Active Region 7.2.2 Inter-Band Versus Intra-Band Transition 7.2.3 Transparency Threshold 7.2.4 Gain Nonlinearity 7.2.5 Polarization-Insensitive SOA 7.2.6 Noise in SOA 7.3 Design Criteria of SOA-Based Switch 7.3.1 Effect of Doping on Gain Dynamics 7.3.2 Gain Dynamic for SOA 7.3.3 Noise Suppression 7.3.4 Scalability 7.4 Advancements on SOA-Based Switch 7.5 Networks Employing SOA-Based Switch 7.5.1 Metro-Access Network 7.5.2 RF Network 7.5.3 Silicon Photonic Switching 7.5.4 Data Center Network 7.6 Discussion and Future Work Bibliography Chapter 8 Liquid Crystal Switches 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Liquid Crystal and Its Properties 8.3 LC Structures for Optical Switching 8.3.1 Twisted Nematic (TN) cells 8.3.2 Surface-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal (SSFLC) Cells 8.3.3 Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) Cells 8.4 Liquid Crystal Switches 8.4.1 Optical Crystal Switching Architectures 8.4.2 Switches Based on Polarization 8.4.3 LC Amplitude and Phase Modulator 8.4.4 LC-Based Wavelength-Selective Switches (WSS) 8.5 The Future of LC switches 8.5.1 Liquid Crystal Photonic Crystal Fibers 8.5.2 Ring Resonators with LC Bibliography Chapter 9 Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches 9.1 Idea of Photonics 9.2 Principles of Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches (AOS) 9.3 Growth and Characterization of Optical Quantum Dots 9.3.1 Integration of PhCs-Based AOS with Optical Quantum Dots (QDs) 9.3.2 Growth and Characterization of Quantum Dots 9.4 Design and Fabrication 9.4.1 Sample Preparation 9.4.2 Lithography 9.4.3 Etching 9.5 Device Structure and Performance Analysis of Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches 9.6 Challenges and Recent Research Trends of Photonic Crystal All-Optical Switches Bibliography Chapter 10 Optical-Electrical-Optical (O-E-O) Switches 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Optical Switching Technologies: Working Principle 10.2.1 Optical-Electrical-Optical Switching 10.2.2 Optical Data Unit Switching 10.2.3 Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (ROADM)-Based Switching 10.2.4 A hybrid approach 10.3 Optical Transponders 10.3.1 WDM Transponders: An Introduction 10.3.2 Basic Working of Optical Transponders 10.3.3 Necessity of Optical Transponder (OEO) in WDM System 10.3.4 Applications of Optical Transponders 10.3.5 Network Structure with Optical Transponder 10.3.6 Differences Between Transponder, Muxponder, and Transceiver 10.3.7 Summary 10.4 Performance Analysis Study of All-Optical Switches, Electrical Switches, and Hybrid Switches in Networks 10.4.1 Introduction 10.4.2 Optical vs. Electrical vs. Hybrid Telecom Switches 10.4.3 Optical vs. Electrical vs. Hybrid Data Center Switches 10.4.4 Summary 10.5 Electrical and Optoelectronic Technology for Promoting Connectivity in Future Systems 10.5.1 CMOS Technology 10.5.2 Considerations for Selection of Interconnects 10.6 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 11 Quantum Optical Switches 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Quantum Dot as an Optical Switch 11.2.1 Vertical Cavities 11.2.2 Power Density 11.3 Quantum Well as an Optical Switch 11.3.1 Optical Properties 11.3.2 Self-Electro-Optic-Effect Devices 11.4 Optomechanical Systems as Optical Switch 11.4.1 Optical Nonlinearity 11.4.2 Hybrid Optomechanics 11.4.3 Electro-opto Mechanics 11.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook Bibliography Chapter 12 Nonlinear All-Optical Switch 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Classification of All-Optical Switches 12.2.1 Thermo-Optical Switch 12.2.2 Acousto-Optic Switch 12.2.3 Liquid Crystal Optical Switch 12.2.4 Nonlinear Optical Switch 12.3 Classification of Nonlinear All-Optical Switches 12.3.1 Optical Coupler AOS 12.3.2 Sagnac Interferometer AOS 12.3.3 M–Z Interferometer AOS 12.3.4 Ring Resonator AOS 12.3.5 Fiber Grating AOS 12.4 Working Methodology of Different Types of Nonlinear All-Optical Switches 12.4.1 Optical Coupler AOS 12.4.2 Sagnac Interferometer AOS 12.4.3 M–Z Interferometer AOS 12.4.4 Ring Resonator AOS 12.4.5 Fiber Grating AOS 12.5 Nanoscale AOS 12.6 Future Scope and Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 13 Silicon Photonic Switches 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Performance Parameters 13.3 Silicon Photonic Platform 13.4 Physical Principles for Operation of Switches 13.4.1 Electro-optic Effect 13.4.2 Carrier Injection/Extraction 13.4.3 Thermo-optic Effect 13.4.4 All-optical Effect 13.5 Major Configurations 13.5.1 Directional Coupler 13.5.2 Microring Resonator 13.5.3 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer 13.5.4 Micro-Electro-Mechanical System 13.6 Hybrid Silicon Photonic Switches 13.6.1 III-V Materials 13.6.2 2D Materials 13.6.3 Phase Change Materials 13.7 Switch Fabrics Using MRR and MZI 13.8 Summary Bibliography Part C Application of Optical Switches in Networks Chapter 14 Switch Control: Bridging the Last Mile for Optical Data Centers 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Switch Control Classification 14.2.1 Electrical Switch Control 14.2.2 Slow Optical Switch Control 14.2.3 Fast Optical Switch Control 14.3 Challenges for Switch Fabric Control 14.3.1 Scalable Control Plane 14.3.2 Precise Time Synchronization 14.3.3 Fast Burst Clock Data Recovery 14.3.4 Lack of Optical Buffer 14.3.5 Reliability 14.4 Switch Fabric Control: State of the Art 14.4.1 Predefined Control 14.4.2 SDN Control 14.4.3 Label Control 14.4.4 AI Control Bibliography Chapter 15 Reliability in Optical Networks 15.1 Introduction 15.2 RAMS in Optical Networks 15.3 Objectives 15.4 Life Cycle of a Product/Project 15.5 Preamble to RAMS 15.5.1 Reliability 15.5.2 Availability 15.5.3 Maintainability 15.5.4 System Safety 15.6 Significance of Reliability in Optical Interconnect Systems 15.7 Typical Components of Optical Circuitry 15.8 Generic Types of Optical System 15.8.1 Factors Influencing Reliability in Optical Networks 15.8.2 Initial Insight of Failures 15.9 Ensuring RAMS for the Optical System 15.9.1 Reliability – An Essential Insight 15.9.2 Availability Measures of Optical Networks 15.9.3 Maintainability Aspects of Optical Networks 15.9.4 Optical Networks for Safety-Critical Applications 15.10 Process Control in Optical Components 15.11 Hardware – Software Interactions (HSI) in Optical Networks 15.12 Typical RAMS Realisation Plan for an Optical System 15.12.1 System-level RAMS Activities 15.12.2 Item-level RAMS Activities 15.13 Trade-off Factors of Optical Networks 15.14 Some Open Problems in RAMS-Optical System 15.15 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 16 Protection, Restoration, and Improvement 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Objectives of Protection and Restoration 16.3 Current Fault Protection and Restoration Techniques 16.3.1 Link Protection 16.3.2 Path Protection 16.4 Energy Efficiency of Optical Switching Technology 16.5 Signal Quality Monitoring Techniques 16.6 Challenges and Recent Research Trends 16.7 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 17 Optical Switching for High-Performance Computing 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Optical Switching 17.2.1 Basics of Optical Switching 17.2.2 Types of Optical Switching 17.3 Communication vs Computation 17.4 Path Reservation Algorithms 17.5 High-Performance Optical Switching and Routing 17.5.1 HPC Interconnection Challenges 17.5.2 Challenges in the Design of Optical Interconnection Network 17.6 Optical Switching Schemes for HPC Applications 17.6.1 Routing Scheme (Avoid Packet Loss, Contention, etc.) 17.7 Security Issues in Optical Switching 17.7.1 Network Vulnerabilities 17.7.2 Jamming Attacks (or Types of Attacks) 17.8 Optical Switching – Interesting Topics 17.9 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 18 Software for Optical Network Modelling 18.1 Optical Networks 18.1.1 First Generation of Optical Networks 18.1.2 Second Generation of Optical Networks 18.2 Simulation Tools for Planning of Optical Network 18.2.1 Network Simulators 18.2.2 Physical Layer Simulation 18.3 New Technologies 18.3.1 Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) 18.3.2 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 18.3.3 Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) Bibliography Index EULA
Donate to keep this site alive
1. Disable the AdBlock plugin. Otherwise, you may not get any links.
2. Solve the CAPTCHA.
3. Click download link.
4. Lead to download server to download.