Optical Networks and Components: Fundamentals and Advances
- Length: 854 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: CRC Press
- Publication Date: 2020-07-10
- ISBN-10: 0367263777
- ISBN-13: 9780367263775
- Sales Rank: #7226609 (See Top 100 Books)
Intended as an undergraduate/post graduate level textbook for courses on high speed optical networks as well as computer networks. Nine chapters cover basic principles of the technology and different devices for optical networks, as well as processing of integrated waveguide devices of optical networks using different technologies. It provides students, researchers and practicing engineers with an expert guide to the fundamental concepts, issues and state of the art developments in optical networks. Includes examples throughout all the chapters of the book to aid understanding of basic problems and solutions.
Cover Volume1 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Author Chapter 1: Introductory Concept 1.1 Basic Communication Model 1.1.1 Local Area Network 1.1.1.1 OSI Model 1.1.1.2 TCP/IP Protocol 1.1.2 Wide Area Network 1.1.2.1 Circuit Switching 1.1.2.2 Packet Switching 1.1.2.3 Frame Relay 1.1.2.4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 1.1.3 VSAT Network via Satellite 1.1.4 Integrated Services Digital Network 1.1.4.1 Narrowband ISDN 1.1.4.2 Broadband ISDN 1.2 Optical Fiber Principle 1.2.1 Optical Fiber 1.2.1.1 Optical Transmission in Fiber 1.2.1.2 Difference between Single- and Multimode Fibers 1.2.2 Attenuation in Fiber 1.2.2.1 Absorption 1.2.3 Scattering Loss 1.2.4 Dispersion in Fiber 1.2.5 Nonlinearities 1.2.6 Nonlinear Refraction 1.2.7 Stimulated Raman Scattering 1.2.8 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 1.2.9 Four-Wave Mixing 1.3 Optical Transmitters 1.3.1 Laser Action 1.3.2 Semiconductor Diode Laser 1.3.3 Multiple Quantum Well Laser 1.3.4 Tunable and Fixed Lasers 1.3.4.1 Laser Characteristics 1.3.4.2 Mechanically Tuned Lasers 1.3.4.3 Acoustooptically and Electrooptically Tuned Lasers 1.3.4.4 Injection-Current-Tuned Lasers 1.3.5 Laser Arrays 1.4 Optical Receivers and Filters 1.4.1 Photodetector 1.4.1.1 PIN Photodiode 1.4.1.2 Avalanche Photodiode 1.4.2 Tunable Optical Filters 1.4.2.1 Filter Characteristics 1.4.2.2 Etalon 1.4.2.3 Mach–Zehnder Chain 1.4.2.4 Acousto-optic Filters 1.4.2.5 Electrooptic Filters 1.4.2.6 Liquid Crystal Fabry–Perot Filters 1.4.3 Fixed Filters 1.4.3.1 Grating Filters 1.4.3.2 Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) 1.4.3.3 Thin-Film Interference Filters 1.4.4 Comparison between Different Filters 1.5 Optical Modulation 1.5.1 Digital-to-Digital Modulation 1.5.1.1 NRZ 1.5.1.2 Bipolar AMI 1.5.1.3 Pseudo Ternary AMI 1.5.1.4 Biphase Coding 1.5.1.5 B8ZS Code 1.5.1.6 HDB3 Code 1.5.2 Digital-to-Analog Modulation 1.5.3 Analog-to-Analog Modulation 1.5.3.1 Amplitude Modulation 1.5.3.2 Frequency Modulation 1.5.3.3 Phase Modulation Summary Exercises References Chapter 2: Different Optical Network Node 2.1 Non-Reconfigurable Node 2.1.1 Non-Reconfigurable Wavelength Router Node 2.1.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating-Based Node 2.1.3 Node Architecture of a Passive-Star WDM Network 2.2 Reconfigurable Wavelength-Routing Node 2.2.1 Add/Drop Multiplexer-Based Reconfigurable Node in a Ring WDM Network 2.2.2 Wavelength Convertible Node Architecture 2.2.3 Reconfigurable Node Architecture in WDM-Based Mesh Optical Network 2.2.3.1 Wavelength-Router–Based Reconfigurable Node 2.2.3.2 Fully Wavelength Convertible Node Architecture of a WDM Mesh Network 2.2.4 SONET over WDM Node Architecture for a Mesh Optical Network 2.2.5 Transport Node of a WDM Optical Network 2.2.6 IP over WDM Network Node Architecture 2.2.7 Node Architecture for Multicasting Optical Network 2.2.8 Traffic Grooming Node Architecture for an Optical Mesh Network 2.2.9 Node Architecture of Optical Packet-Switched Network 2.3 Network Node Based on Delivery and Coupling Switch 2.4 Multihop Network Node Architecture Summary Exercises References Chapter 3: Devices in Optical Network Node 3.1 Basic Components of Integrated Waveguide Devices 3.1.1 Directional Coupler 3.1.1.1 Coupled Mode Theory 3.1.1.2 Power Transferred between Two Waveguides Due to Coupling 3.1.1.3 Coupling Coefficient 3.1.2 MMI Coupler 3.1.2.1 Guided Mode Propagation Analysis 3.1.2.2 Power Transferred to the Output Waveguides 3.1.3 TMI Coupler 3.1.3.1 Power Transferred to Output Waveguides 3.1.4 Array Waveguide Grating 3.1.5 MZ Active Device 3.1.5.1 TE Polarization 3.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexer/Demultiplexer-Based Waveguide Coupler 3.2.1 WDM-Based TMI Coupler 3.3 Optical Switching 3.3.1 MZ Switch 3.3.1.1 TOMZ Switch-Based DC 3.3.1.2 TE Polarization 3.3.1.3 EOMZ-Based DC 3.3.1.4 MMI Coupler-Based MZ Switch 3.3.1.5 TMI Coupler-Based MZ Switch 3.3.2 X-Junction Switch 3.3.3 DC-Based Electrooptic Switch 3.3.4 Gate Switches 3.4 Optical Crossconnect (OXC) 3.4.1 Architecture-Based Crossconnect 3.4.2 Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) 3.5 Optical ADM (OADM) 3.5.1 Thermooptic Delay Line Structure 3.6 SONET/SDH 3.6.1 Transmission Formats and Speeds of SONET 3.6.2 SONET/SDH Rings 3.7 Optical Regenerator 3.7.1 Optical Amplifiers 3.7.2 Optical Amplifier Characteristics 3.7.3 Semiconductor Laser Amplifier 3.7.4 Doped Fiber Amplifier 3.7.5 Raman Amplifier 3.8 Channel Equalizers 3.9 Wavelength Conversion 3.9.1 Opto Electronic Wavelength Conversion 3.9.2 Wavelength Conversion Using Coherent Effects 3.9.3 Wavelength Conversion Using Cross Modulation 3.9.3.1 Semiconductor Laser Based Wavelength Conversion 3.9.3.2 All-Optical Wavelength Conversion Based on CPM in Optical Fiber 3.10 High-Speed Silicon Photonics Transceiver 3.10.1 Silicon Photonics Transceiver Architecture 3.10.2 Performance Summary Exercises References Chapter 4: Processing of Integrated Waveguide Devices for Optical Network Using Different Technologies 4.1 Fabrication and Characteristics of Silica (SiO[sub(2)])/Silicon Oxynitride (SiON)-Based Devices 4.1.1 Deposition of Thin Film SiON Layer by Using LPCVD 4.1.2 Deposition of SiO[sub(2)]/SiON Layer by Using PECVD 4.1.2.1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO[sub(2)]) 4.1.2.2 Silicon Nitride 4.1.2.3 SiON Layer 4.1.3 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic Effect 4.1.4 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Using SiO[sub(2)]/SiON Material 4.1.5 Properties of SiO[sub(2)]/SiON 4.2 Fabrication and Characteristics of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Waveguide Material 4.2.1 Deposition of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Layer Using PECVD 4.2.2 Deposition of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Material Using Flame Hydrolysis 4.2.3 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic Effect 4.2.4 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] Material 4.2.5 Properties of SiO[sub(2)]/GeO[sub(2)]-SiO[sub(2)] 4.3 Fabrication and Characteristics of SOI Waveguide Material 4.3.1 Fabrication of SOI Wafer 4.3.1.1 BESOI Processing 4.3.1.2 SIMOX Method 4.3.2 Device Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using SOI Material 4.3.3 Properties of SOI 4.4 Fabrication and Characteristics of Ti:LiNbO[sub(3)] Waveguide Material 4.4.1 Processing of LiNbO[sub(3)] -Based Waveguide 4.4.1.1 Thermal in Ti-Diffusion Method 4.4.1.2 Proton Exchange Method 4.4.2 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Electrooptic Effect 4.4.3 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using LiNbO[sub(2)] Material 4.4.4 Properties of LiNbO[sub(2)] 4.5 Fabrication and Characteristics of InP/GaAsInP Waveguide Materials 4.5.1 Processing of InP/InGaAsP Waveguide 4.5.1.1 Deposition of GaAsInP and InP Layers Using MBE Growth System 4.5.1.2 InP/GaAsInP Waveguide Fabrication 4.5.2 Tuning of Refractive Index of InP/GaAsInP Waveguide 4.5.3 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using InP/GaAsInP Material 4.5.4 Properties of InP/GaAsInP 4.6 Fabrication and Characteristics of Polymeric Waveguide Material 4.6.1 Fabrication of Polymeric Waveguides 4.6.2 Tuning of Refractive Index Using Thermooptic Effect 4.6.3 Devices Fabricated and Demonstrated by Previous Authors Using Polymer Technology 4.6.4 Properties of Polymeric Material 4.7 Comparative Study of Integrated Waveguide Materials Summary Exercises References Chapter 5: Data Link Control for Optical Network 5.1 Frame Synchronization 5.1.1 Asynchronous Transmission 5.1.2 Synchronous Transmission 5.2 Flow Control 5.2.1 Stop and Wait Flow Control 5.2.2 Sliding Window Flow Control 5.3 Error Detection and Control 5.3.1 Error Detection 5.3.1.1 Vertical and Horizontal Redundancy Check 5.3.1.2 Cyclic Redundancy Check 5.3.2 Error Control 5.3.2.1 Stop and Wait ARQ 5.3.2.2 Go-Back-N ARQ 5.3.2.3 SREJ ARQ 5.4 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) 5.4.1 Types of Station 5.4.2 Types of Configurations 5.4.3 Types of Data Transfer Modes 5.4.4 HDLC Frame Format 5.4.5 Operation of HDLC 5.4.5.1 Initialization 5.4.5.2 Data Transfer 5.4.5.3 Disconnect 5.4.6 Examples of HDLC Operations 5.5 Other Link Control Protocol 5.5.1 LAPB 5.5.2 LAPD 5.5.3 LLC/MAC 5.5.4 LAPF 5.5.5 ATM 5.5.5.1 ATM Protocol 5.5.5.2 ATM Logical Connections 5.5.5.3 Transmission of ATM Cells Summary Exercises References Chapter 6: Data Communication Networks Having No Optical Transmission 6.1 History and Background of Networking-Different Generations 6.2 First Generation of Network 6.2.1 Protocol Architectures 6.2.2 Topologies 6.2.2.1 Bus Topology 6.2.2.2 Tree Topology 6.2.2.3 Ring Topology 6.2.2.4 Star Topology 6.2.2.5 Mesh Topology 6.2.3 Medium Access Control 6.2.3.1 Round Robin 6.2.3.2 Reservation 6.2.3.3 Contention 6.2.4 Logical Link Control 6.2.5 Wireless LANs 6.2.5.1 Medium Access Control (MAC) 6.2.6 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) LAN Summary Exercise References Chapter 7: Fiber-Optic Network without WDM 7.1 Bus Topology 7.1.1 Fasnet 7.1.2 Expressnet 7.1.3 Distributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) 7.2 Ring Topology: FDDI 7.2.1 MAC Frame 7.2.2 MAC Protocol of FDDI 7.3 Star Topology 7.3.1 Fibernet 7.3.2 Fibernet-II 7.4 Wavelength Routed Networks without WDM Summary Exercises References Chapter 8: Single-Hop and Multihop WDM Optical Networks 8.1 Single-Hop Networks 8.1.1 Characteristics of a Basic Single-Hop WDM Star Network 8.2 Different Single-Hop Optical Networks 8.2.1 SONATA 8.2.2 LAMBDANET 8.2.3 Rainbow 8.2.3.1 Rainbow Protocol 8.2.3.2 Model of Rainbow 8.2.4 Fiber-Optic Crossconnect (FOX)-Based Single-Hop Network 8.2.5 STARNET 8.2.6 Other Experimental Single-Hop Systems 8.3 Coordination Protocol for a Single-Hop System 8.3.1 Non Pre-transmission Coordination 8.3.1.1 Fixed Assignment 8.3.1.2 Partial Fixed Assignment Protocols 8.3.1.3 Random Access Protocol-I 8.3.1.4 Random Access Protocol II 8.3.1.5 The PAC Optical Network 8.3.2 Pre-transmission Coordination Protocols 8.3.2.1 Partial Random Access Protocols 8.3.2.2 Improved Random Access Protocols 8.3.2.3 Receiver Collision Avoidance (RCA) Protocol 8.3.2.4 Reservation Protocols 8.4 Multihop Optical Network 8.4.1 Optimal Virtual Topologies Using Optimization 8.4.1.1 Link Flow 8.4.1.2 Delay-Based Optimization 8.4.2 Regular Structures 8.4.2.1 ShuffleNet 8.4.2.2 de Bruijn Graph 8.4.2.3 Torus (MSN) 8.4.2.4 Hypercube 8.4.2.5 GEMNET 8.5 SC Multihop Systems 8.5.1 Channel Sharing in Shuffle Net 8.5.2 Channel Sharing in GEMNET Summary Exercises References Chapter 9: Optical Access Architecture 9.1 Performance Measures and Notation of Access Architecture 9.1.1 Random-Access Methods 9.1.1.1 ALOHA 9.1.1.2 Slotted ALOHA 9.1.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 9.1.2.1 Non-Persistent CSMA 9.1.2.2 Slotted Non-Persistent CSMA 9.1.2.3 1-Persistent CSMA 9.1.2.4 p-Persistent CSMA 9.1.3 CSMA/CD: IEEE Standard 802.3 9.1.3.1 Throughput Analysis for Non-Persistent CSMA/CD 9.1.3.2 Throughput Analysis for 1-Persistent CSMA/CD 9.1.4 Stability of CSMA and CSMA/CD 9.1.5 Controlled-Access Schemes 9.1.5.1 Token Ring: IEEE Standard 802.5 9.1.5.2 Token Bus: IEEE Standard 802.4 9.2 Optical Access Network 9.2.1 Issues in Optical Access Architecture 9.3 Simple Fiber-Optic Access Network Architectures 9.4 Components of PON Technologies 9.4.1 Optical Splitters/Couplers 9.4.2 PON Topologies 9.4.3 Burst-Mode Transceivers 9.5 EPON Access Architecture 9.5.1 Operation of EPON 9.6 Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP) 9.6.1 Discovery Processing 9.6.2 Report Handling 9.6.3 Gate Handling 9.6.4 Clock Synchronization 9.7 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) Algorithms in EPON 9.7.1 IPACT 9.7.2 Services 9.8 IP-Based Services over EPON 9.8.1 Slot-Utilization Problem 9.8.2 Circuit Emulation (TDM over IP) 9.8.3 Real-Time Video and VoIP 9.8.4 Performance of CoS-Aware EPON 9.8.5 Light-Load Penalty 9.9 Other Types of PONs 9.9.1 APON 9.9.2 GFP-PON 9.9.3 WDM-PON 9.9.3.1 Need for WDM in PONs 9.9.3.2 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG)-Based WDM-PON 9.9.3.3 WDM-PON Architectures 9.9.3.4 Scalability of WDM-PON 9.9.4 Deployment Model of WDM-PONS 9.9.4.1 Open Access Summary Exercises References Index Volume2 Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author Chapter 1: Optical Ring Metropolitan Area Networks 1.1 Different MANs 1.2 Metro WDM Networks 1.2.1 WDM Ring Networks for MAN 1.2.2 Metro-Edge Technology 1.2.3 Traffic Grooming in SONET Ring Networks 1.2.3.1 Node Architecture 1.2.3.2 Single-Hop Grooming in SONET/WDM Ring 1.2.3.3 Multi-Hop Grooming in SONET/WDM Ring 1.2.4 Dynamic Grooming in SONET/WDM Ring 1.2.5 Grooming in Interconnected SONET/WDM Rings 1.3 Traffic Grooming in WDM Ring Networks 1.3.1 Problem Definition 1.3.2 Mathematical Formulation of Single-Hop Connections 1.3.3 Mathematical Formulation of Multi-hop Method 1.3.4 Heuristics-Based Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Single Hop 1.4 Interconnected WDM Ring Networks 1.4.1 Interconnected Rings 1.4.2 Traffic Grooming in Interconnected Rings 1.5 Packet Communication using Tunable Wavelength ADMs 1.5.1 Protocol 1.5.2 Algorithm of Virtual Path Creation and Assigning Wavelengths 1.5.3 Priority Schemes 1.5.4 Packet-Selection Protocols 1.5.5 Implementation of Algorithm 1.6 Online Connection Provisioning using ROADMs 1.6.1 Tuning Constraint 1.6.2 Problem Statement 1.6.3 Heuristics 1.6.4 Comparison of Heuristics Schemes using Numerical Examples Summary Exercises References Chapter 2: Queuing System and Its Interconnection with Other Networks 2.1 Queuing Models 2.1.1 FCFS System 2.1.2 Representation of Queue Models 2.1.3 Random Variables and Parameters 2.2 Queues 2.2.1 M/M/1 Queues 2.2.2 M/M/1/K Queues 2.2.3 M/M/m Queues 2.2.4 M/M/∞ Queue System 2.2.5 M/M/m/m Queue System 2.2.6 M/G/1 Queues 2.2.7 M/G/1 Queues with Vacations 2.3 Networks of Queues 2.4 Time Reversibility – Burke’s Theorem 2.5 Interconnection with Other Networks 2.5.1 Gateways 2.5.2 Bridges 2.5.2.1 Spanning Bridges 2.5.2.2 Source Routing Bridges 2.5.2.3 Quality of Bridge Services 2.5.3 Routers 2.5.4 Repeaters Summary Exercises References Chapter 3: Routing and Wavelength Assignment 3.1 Light paths 3.2 LP Formulation of RWA and Its Reduction 3.2.1 Reduction of Size of LP Formulation 3.2.2 Randomized Rounding 3.2.3 Graph Coloring 3.2.4 Analysis of ILP 3.3 Routing 3.3.1 Routing Algorithms 3.3.1.1 Dijkstra’s Algorithm 3.3.1.2 Bellman–Ford Algorithm 3.3.2 Routing Approaches 3.3.2.1 Fixed Routing 3.3.2.2 Fixed-Alternate Routing 3.3.2.3 Flooding 3.3.2.4 Adaptive Routing 3.3.2.5 Fault-Tolerant Routing 3.3.2.6 Randomized Routing 3.4 WA Subproblem (Heuristics) 3.4.1 Wavelength Search Algorithm 3.4.1.1 Exhaustive Search 3.4.1.2 Tabu Search 3.4.1.3 Simulated Annealing 3.4.1.4 Genetic Algorithms 3.4.2 WA Heuristics 3.4.2.1 Random WA (R) 3.4.2.2 First-Fit (FF) Approach 3.4.2.3 Least-Used (LU) Approach 3.4.2.4 Most-Used (MU) Approach 3.4.2.5 Min-Product (MP) Approach 3.4.2.6 Least-Loaded (LL) Approach 3.4.2.7 MAX-SUM (MS) Approach 3.4.2.8 Relative Capacity Loss (RCL) Approach 3.4.2.9 Distributed Relative Capacity Loss (DRCL) Approach 3.5 Fairness Improvement 3.5.1 Wavelength Reservation 3.5.1.1 Forward Reservation 3.5.1.2 Backward Reservation 3.5.1.3 Congestion-Based Routing WRSV Method 3.5.1.4 k-Neighborhood Routing 3.5.2 WThr Protection 3.5.3 Limited Alternate Routing 3.5.4 Static Priority Method 3.5.5 Dynamic Priority Method 3.6 Mathematical Formulation of RWA 3.6.1 Traffic Flow Constraints 3.6.2 Wavelength Constraints 3.7 Priority-Based RWA 3.8 Comparative Study of Different RWA Algorithms on NSFNET T1 Backbone Summary Exercises References Chapter 4: Virtual Topology 4.1 Virtual Topology Architecture 4.1.1 General Problem Statement 4.2 NSFNET Optical Backbone: Virtual Topology 4.2.1 Formulation of Virtual Topology 4.2.2 Algorithm 4.2.2.1 Subproblems 4.2.2.2 Simulated Annealing 4.2.2.3 Flow-Deviation Algorithm 4.3 Advanced Virtual Topology Optimization 4.3.1 Problem Specification of LP 4.3.1.1 Linear Formulation 4.3.1.2 Variables 4.3.1.3 Objective: Optimality Criterion 4.3.1.4 Constraints 4.3.2 Heuristic Approaches 4.4 Network Design: Resource Budgeting and Cost Model 4.4.1 Budgeting 4.5 Reconfiguration of Virtual Topology 4.5.1 Reconfiguration Algorithm 4.5.2 NSFNET Virtual Topology Design 4.6 Virtual-Topology Adaptation with Dynamic Trafc fi 4.6.1 Problem Definition 4.6.2 Adaptation with Minimal Light path Change Summary Exercises References Chapter 5: Wavelength Conversion in WDM Networks 5.1 Basics of WC 5.1.1 Wavelength Converters 5.1.2 Switches 5.2 Optical Network Design, Control, and Management with Wavelength Conversion 5.2.1 Optical Network Design with Wavelength Converter 5.2.2 Control of Optical Networks with Wavelength Converters 5.2.3 Network Management 5.3 Benefit Analysis of Wavelength Conversion 5.3.1 A Probabilistic Approach to WC Benefits’ Analysis 5.3.2 A Review of Benefit-Analysis Studies 5.3.2.1 Bounds on RWA Algorithms with and without Wavelength Converters 5.3.2.2 Probabilistic Model Not Based on Link-Load Assumption 5.3.2.3 Probabilistic Model Based on Link- Load Assumption 5.3.2.4 Probabilistic Model for a Class of Networks 5.3.2.5 Multi-Fiber Networks 5.3.2.6 Sparse Wavelength Conversion 5.3.2.7 Limited-Range WC 5.3.3 Benefits of Sparse Conversion 5.4 RWA with All the Nodes Fully Wavelength Convertible 5.4.1 Fully Wavelength-Convertible Node Architecture 5.4.2 Mathematical Formulation and Constraints 5.4.3 Algorithm 5.4.4 Simulation 5.5 RWA of Sparse Wavelength Converter Placement Problem 5.5.1 Analytical Model for the Estimation of Blocking Probability 5.5.2 FAR-FF Algorithm 5.5.3 LLR-FF Algorithm 5.5.4 WMSL Algorithm 5.6 Simulation of Benefits of Using Wavelength Converters Summary Exercises References Chapter 6: Traffic Grooming in Optical Networks 6.1 Review of Traffic Grooming 6.2 Static Traffic Grooming 6.2.1 Problem Statement for Traffic Grooming 6.2.2 Mathematical (ILP) Formulation of the Static Traffic-Grooming Problem 6.2.3 Numerical Simulation Results from ILP Formulations 6.2.4 Heuristic Technique 6.2.5 Mathematical Formulation of Other Optimization Criteria 6.3 Dynamic Traffic Grooming 6.3.1 Provisioning Connections in Heterogeneous WDM Networks 6.3.2 Illustrative Numerical Examples 6.4 Adaptive Grooming (AG) 6.4.1 Performance in Terms of Different Parameters 6.5 Hierarchical Switching and Waveband Grooming 6.5.1 Hybrid Node Architecture 6.5.2 Issues and Problems 6.6 Virtual Concatenation 6.6.1 Virtual Concatenation Architecture 6.7 RWA of Traffic Grooming Connections 6.7.1 SOURCE_SWG Algorithm 6.7.2 DES_SWG Algorithm 6.7.3 Problem Formulation Summary Problems References Chapter 7: Survivability of Optical Networks 7.1 Parameters for Survival Schemes 7.2 Fault Management 7.2.1 Fault Management in Ring Topology 7.2.1.1 Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring (UPSR) 7.2.1.2. Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR) 7.2.2 Fault Management in WDM Mesh Networks 7.3 Fault-Recovery Mechanism 7.3.1 Path and Link Protection 7.3.2 Dedicated Protection (1:1 and 1 + 1) and M:N Shared Protection 7.4 Protection Issues Related to Ring Cover, Stacked Rings 7.5 Survivable Routing and Wavelength Assignment (S-RWA) 7.5.1 Algorithms for Computing Link-Disjoint Paths 7.5.2 ILP of S-RWA for Static Traffic Demands 7.5.2.1 ILP1: Dedicated Path Protection 7.5.2.2 ILP2: Shared-Path Protection 7.5.3 Maximizing Share Ability for Shared-Protection Schemes 7.5.3.1 Backup Route Optimization 7.5.3.2 Physical Constraint on Backup Route Optimization 7.6 Dynamic Restoration 7.7 Other Network Survivability Issues 7.7.1 Service Availability 7.7.2 Availability Study 7.7.2.1 Network Component Availability 7.7.2.2 End-to-End Path Availability 7.7.2.3 Availability of Dedicated Path- Protected Connection 7.7.2.4 Availability in Backup Sharing 7.8 Dynamic Routing and Wavelength Assignment under Protection 7.8.1 Protection Schemes in Alternate Path Routing and Wavelength Assignment 7.8.1.1 Shared protection 7.8.1.2 Restricted Shared Protection 7.8.2 Routing and Wavelength Assignment Based on Wavelength Converter under Protection 7.8.3 Traffic Grooming-Based RWA under Protection Tree 7.8.3.1 Problem Formulation 7.8.3.2 SOURCE_SWG 7.8.3.3 DES_SWG Algorithm 7.8.3.4 Analytical Model for Blocking Probability Analysis under Protection Tree 7.9 Service Reliability and Restorability 7.9.1 Service Reliability Disruption Rate 7.9.2 Restoration Time 7.9.3 Service Restorability 7.9.4 Estimation of Reliability of Protection in NSFNET T1 Backbone 7.10 Multicast Trees for Protection of WDM Mesh Network 7.10.1 Light-Tree for Unicast Traffic 7.10.1.1 Layered-Graph Model 7.10.2 Steiner Trees 7.10.2.1 General Problem Statement of light-Trees for Unicast Traffic 7.10.2.2 Formulation of the Optimization Problem: Unicast Traffic 7.11 Light-Trees for Broadcast Traffic 7.11.1 General Problem Statement 7.11.2 Formulation of the Optimization Problem: Broadcast Traffic 7.12 Light-Trees for Multicast Traffic 7.12.1 General Problem Statement 7.12.2 Problem Formulation for a Network with Converters 7.12.3 Variation of Problem Formulation with No Converters 7.12.4 Variation of Problem Formulation with Fractional-Capacity Sessions 7.12.5 Variation of Problem Formulation with Splitters Constraints 7.12.6 Simulation in Sample Network for Multicast Transmission 7.13 Multicast Tree Protection 7.13.1 Protection Schemes 7.13.2 General Problem Statement 7.13.2.1 Problem Formulation for a Network without λ Continuity 7.13.2.2 Problem Formulation for a Network with λ Continuity 7.13.3 Network Having Protection Based on Light-Trees 7.13.4 Other Protection Schemes 7.14 Protection of Traffic Grooming-Based Optical Network 7.14.1 Protection-at-Light path (PAL) Level 7.14.2 Mixed Protection-at-Connection (MPAC) Level 7.14.3 Separate Protection-at-Connection (SPAC) Level Summary Exercises References Chapter 8: Restoration Schemes in the Survivability of Optical Networks 8.1 Restoration Networks 8.1.1 Ring Topology 8.1.2 Mesh Topology Restoration 8.2 Parameters Considered in Restoration 8.2.1 Disruption Rate 8.2.2 Restoration Time 8.2.3 Restoration Speed 8.2.4 Capacity Efficiency 8.2.5 Resource Success Time 8.2.6 Availability 8.2.7 End-to-End Path Availability 8.2.8 Reliability 8.3 Restoration Schemes for Mesh Topology 8.3.1 Path Restoration Routing Problem 8.3.2 Operation Flow 8.3.3 Restoration Problem 8.3.3.1 Maximum Restoration Problem 8.3.3.2 Restoration Route (Alternate Path) Search Procedure 8.3.3.3 Link Capacity Control Procedure 8.3.3.4 Concurrent Contention-Locking Procedure 8.3.3.5 Optimization Algorithm 8.4 Restoration Activation Architectures 8.4.1 Sequential Activation Architecture 8.4.2 Parallel Activation Architecture 8.4.2.1 Message Processing and Exchange Reduction 8.4.2.2 Cross-Connect Reduction 8.4.2.3 Dedicated Signaling Channels 8.4.3 Optimization Performance of Restoration Approaches 8.4.3.1 Centralized Algorithms 8.4.4 Scalability and Application to Service Layer Restoration 8.4.4.1 Call Admission Control for Restorable Connections Exercises References Chapter 9: Network Reliability and Security 9.1 Connectivity Using Redundancy 9.1.1 Min-Cut Max-Flow Theorem 9.1.2 The Cut-Saturation Algorithm 9.2 Probability of Connectivity 9.2.1 Node Pair Failure Probability 9.3 Reliability Model 9.3.1 Reliability Function 9.3.2 Reliability Measures 9.3.3 Availability Function 9.3.4 Series Network 9.3.5 Parallel Network 9.3.6 Reliability Improvement Techniques 9.3.7 Availability Performance 9.3.8 The Self-Heal Technique 9.3.9 Fail-Safe Fiber-Optic Nodes 9.4 Network Security 9.4.1 Network Security Problems 9.4.1.1 Threats 9.4.2 Data Encryption 9.4.2.1 Basic Concepts 9.4.2.2 Transposition Ciphers 9.4.2.3 Substitution Ciphers 9.5 Data Encryption Standards (DES) 9.5.1 Product Cipher 9.5.2 Block Ciphers 9.5.3 The DES Algorithm 9.5.4 Public Key Cryptography 9.5.5 Congruences: Modular Arithmetic 9.5.6 The Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) Algorithm 9.5.7 Comparison of Cryptographic Techniques 9.6 Optical Cryptography 9.6.1 Confindentiality 9.6.2 OCDMA-Based Encoder/Decoder 9.6.3 DSP-Based Approach 9.6.4 Spread Spectrum-Based Approach Summary Exercises References Chapter 10: FTTH Standards, Deployments, and Issues 10.1 PONs 10.1.1 Standards of Different PON Technology 10.1.2 EPON 10.1.3 APON 10.1.4 Generalized Framing Procedure PON (GPON) 10.1.5 WDM-PON 10.2 Hybrid PON 10.2.1 Success-HPON 10.2.2 Success DRA 10.3 Open Research Issues 10.3.1 Issues in EPON 10.3.2 Issues in Large-Scale IP Video Networks 10.3.3 Issues in Integrated ONU/Wireless Base Station/Home Gateway/DSLAM 10.3.4 Issues in Hybrid TDM/WDM-PON Architectures 10.3.5 Issues in WDM-PON Exercises References Chapter 11: Math Lab Codes for Optical Fiber Communication System 11.1 Specification of Design of Optical Fibers 11.1.1 Material specicafition 11.1.2 Transmission Specicafition 11.1.3 Environmental Specicafition 11.2 Math Lab Codes for Design of Optical Fibers 11.2.1 Codes for Program of the Design of Optical Fibers 11.2.2 Codes for Design of Standard Single-Mode Fibers 11.2.3 Codes of Nonzero Dispersion-Shifted Fibers 11.2.4 Codes of split-step Fourier method (SSFM) 11.2.5 Codes for Optical Fiber Transmission System 11.3 MATLAB Codes for Optical Transmission System with Mux and Demux 11.3.1 Modeling of Nonlinear Optical Fiber Transmission Systems 11.3.2 Phase Modulation Model and Intensity Modulation 11.3.3 Math Lab Codes for Raman Amplification and Split-Step Fourier Method 11.4 Modeling of Optically Amplified Transmission System and BER 11.4.1 Propagation of Optical Signals over a Single-Mode Optical Fiber–SSMF 11.4.2 BER Evaluation Summary Exercises References Index
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