Murach’s C++ Programming

murach's
	TRAINING & REFERENCE
murach's
	Contents
	Expanded contents
	Introduction
		What this book does
		Why you’ll learn faster and better with this book
		What software you need
		How our downloadable files can help you learn
		Support materials for instructors and trainers
		Please let us know how this book works for you
	Section 1
		Essential skills for modern C++
		An introduction to C++ programming
			An overview of programming and C++
				Four general-purpose programming languages
					Four general-purpose programming languages
					Why it still makes sense to learn C++ today
					What C++ is used for
					Description
				A brief history of C++
					C++ ISO standards
					C++ history
					Description
				A quick look at C++ development
				The user interface for a console application
					Description
				The source code for a console application
					The source code for a console application
					Description
				How source code compiles to an executable file
					How C++ compiles source code into machine language
					Description
				Four popular IDEs and compilers
					Four popular C++ IDEs
					Features provided by most IDEs
					Four popular C++ compilers
					Description
			How to use Visual Studio for Windows development
				How to open a project and work with source code
					Visual Studio with source code displayed in its code editor
					How to open and close a solution
					How to open, edit, and save a source code file
					Description
				How to compile and run a project
					Description
					How to correct a problem with the Windows SDK version
				How to use code completion and error detection
					How to use code completion
					How to use error detection
				How to create a new project
					Visual Studio’s dialog for creating a new project
					Procedure
					A new project in Visual Studio with some starting source code
					How to rename and delete files
					Description
			How to use Xcode
			for macOS development
				How to open a project
				and work with source code
					Xcode with source code displayed in its code editor
					How to open and close a project
					How to open, edit, and save a source code file
					Description
				How to compile and run a project
					Xcode after compiling and running a console application
					Description
				How to use code completion and error detection
					Xcode’s editor with a code completion list
					How to use code completion
					How to use error detection
				How to create a new project
					Xcode’s dialogs for creating a new project
					Procedure
					A new project in Xcode with some starting source code
					Procedure (continued)
					Description
			Perspective
				Before you do the exercises in this book
				Exercise 1-1 Open and run two projects
				Exercise 1-2 Create a new project
		How to write your first programs
			Basic coding skills
				How to code statements
				How to code comments
					A program that consists of statements and comments
					A block comment that could be coded at the start of a program
					Description
				How to code a main() function
					A main() function with no parameters
					A main() function with two parameters int main(int argc, char** argv) <
					A main() function with different brace placement
					Three standard return values for the main() function
					Description
				How to create identifiers
					Valid identifiers
					The rules for naming an identifier
					C++ keywords
					Additional C keywords
					Description
			How to work with numeric variables
				How to define and initialize variables
				How to code assignment statements
					Two built-in data types for working with numbers
					How to define and initialize a variable in two statements
					How to define and initialize a variable in one statement
					An example that uses assignment statements
					Description
					Naming recommendations for variables
				How to code arithmetic expressions
			How to use the console
			for input and output
				How to include header files
					Common header files of the C++ standard library
					URL for a complete list of C++ header files
					A typical way to include header files and make them easily accessible
					Description
				How to write output to the console
					Two objects available from the iostream header
					How to send a message to the console
					How to send text and a number to the console
					Another way to send the same data to the console
					How to send multiple lines to the console
					Another way to send multiple lines to the console
					Description
				How to read input from the console
					Another object that’s available from the iostream header
					How to read one value from the console
					How to read multiple values from the console
					How to chain extraction expressions
					Description
				The Gallons to Liters program
					The console
					The code
			How to work with the standard library
				How to call a function
					Five functions available from the cmath header
					How to call a function
					The sqrt() function
					The pow() function
					The round() function
					The floor() function
					The ceil() function
					Description
				How to work with the std namespace
					A using directive for the std namespace
					Using declarations for three members of the std namespace tinclude <iostream> tinclude <cmath>
					Fully qualified names
					The console for all three examples
					Description
				The Circle Calculator program
					The console
				How to generate random numbers
					Two functions of the cstdlib header for generating random numbers
					One function of the ctime header
					Description
			How to work with char and string variables
				How to assign values to char and string variables
					The built-in data type for characters
					A class that’s available from the string header
					How to define and initialize a char variable
					How to include the string header file
					How to concatenate strings and chars
					How to append one string to another with the += operator
					Description
				How to work with special characters
					Common escape sequences for special characters
					String examples
					Char examples
					Description
				How to read strings and chars from the console
					The getline() function of the iostream header
					How to use the getline() function to read a full name
					Member functions of the cin object
					How to call a member function of an object Syntax
					Code that pauses until the user presses Enter to continue
					Description
				How to fix a common problem with reading strings
					The data in the cin object after the user enters “1234”
					How to fix the problem
					Description
				The Guest Book program
					The console
					The code
			How to test and debug a program
				How to test a program
				How to debug a program
					The beginning of a file that contains an error
					The error that’s returned by the compiler
					The Circle Calculator program with incorrect output
					Description
					Debugging tips
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 2-1 Create a Rectangle Calculator program
				Exercise 2-2 Enhance the Gallons Converter program
				Exercise 2-3 Enhance the Guest Book program
		How to make decisions
			How to get started with if statements
				How to use the relational operators
					Relational operators
					How to test strings and chars for equality
					Two functions that convert a char to lower or upper case
					How to make a test for equality of two chars case insensitive
					Description
				How to code an if statement
					The syntax of the if statement
					An if statement with only an if clause
					With an else clause
					With multiple else if clauses
					Description
				How to work with braces
					An if statement without braces
					An if statement without braces that causes an error
					An if statement that uses braces to fix the error
					An if statement with clauses that contain multiple statements
					Another coding style for brace placement
					Description
				The Invoice 1.0 program
					The console
					The code
			More skills for coding if statements
				How to use the logical operators
					Logical operators
					Order of precedence
					Boolean expressions that use logical operators
					Description
				If statements that use the logical operators
					An if statement that validates the range of a score
					An if statement that validates the customer type
					Description
				How to code nested if statements
					A table that summarizes the discount rules
					Nested if statements for applying customer discounts
					An if statement that gets the same results
					Description
				The Invoice 2.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			Other ways to make decisions
				How to use the conditional operator
					The syntax for a conditional expression
					A conditional expression
					How to use a conditional operator to set the value of a variable
					A statement that uses parentheses to identify the Boolean expression
					An if statement that performs the same task
					Description
				How to code switch statements
					The syntax of the switch statement
					A switch statement that uses an int variable named product_id
					Description
				More examples of switch statements
					A switch statement that falls through case labels
					A switch statement for a menu system
					Description
				A switch statement for the Invoice 2.0 program
					A switch statement for the Invoice application
					Description
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 3-1 Enhance the Invoice program
				Exercise 3-2 Enhance the Rectangle Calculator program
		How to code loops
			More skills for coding arithmetic expressions
				How to use arithmetic unary operators
					The arithmetic unary operators
					A typical statement that uses the increment operator
					A typical statement that uses the decrement operator
					How to prefix an increment operator
					How to postfix an increment operator
					How to reverse the value of a number
					How to perform an arithmetic operation on a character
					Description
				How to use the compound assignment operators
					The compound assignment operators
					Code that uses the same variable on both sides
					of the assignment operator
					Code that uses compound assignment operators to get the same results
					Description
				How to work with the order of precedence
					The order of precedence for arithmetic operations
					Code that calculates a discounted price
					Code that calculates the current value of a monthly investment
					Description
			How to code while and do-while loops
				How to code while loops
					The syntax of the while loop
					A while loop that calculates the sum of the numbers 1 through 4
					A while loop that doesn’t use braces
					Description
				More examples of while loops
					A while loop that continues as long as the user enters ‘y’
					A while loop that calculates a future value
					Code that causes an infinite loop
					Description
				How to code do-while loops
					The syntax of the do-while loop
					A do-while loop that calculates the sum of the numbers 1 through 4
					A do-while loop that doesn’t use braces
					A do-while loop that calculates a future value
					A do-while loop that continues as long as the user enters ‘y’
					Description
				The Test Scores program
					The console
					The code
			How to code for loops and nested loops
				How to code for loops
					The syntax of the for loop
					A for loop that calculates the sum of the numbers 1 through 4
					A for loop without braces
					A for loop that adds the numbers 8, 6, 4, and 2
					A for loop that calculates a future value
					Description
				The Future Value program
					The console
					The code
				How to code nested loops
					The console
					Nested loops that print a table of future values
			How to code break and continue statements
				How to code break statements
				How to code continue statements
					A break statement that exits the loop
					A continue statement that jumps to the beginning of a loop
					Description
				The Guess the Number program
					The console
					The code
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 4-1 Enhance the Circle Calculator program
				Exercise 4-2 Enhance the Future Value program
				Exercise 4-3 Modify the Guess the Number program
		How to work
		with I/O streams and files
			How to work with input streams
				An introduction to streams and buffers
					A program that reads input from and writes output to the console
					The console
					The input stream for the first entry
					The output stream with the user's entries
					Description
				How unexpected input can cause problems
					The program when a user enters all the data on one line
					The string entered by the user and the extracted values
					What the program does
					The program when a user enters the wrong data types at two prompts
					The two strings entered by the user and the extracted values
					What the program does
					Description
				How to discard data from an input stream
					How to include the header file for the numericjimits class
					How to discard all remaining data in the buffer
					The program updated to clear the buffer after each value is extracted
					The program when a user enters all the data on one line
					The program when a user enters the wrong data types at two prompts
					Description
				How to detect data input errors
					The error bits of a stream object
					The error member functions of a stream object
					Code that uses the cin object to check the state of a stream
					A more concise way to extract a value and check the state of a stream
					Code that uses member functions to check the state of a stream
					Description
				How to handle data input errors
					Code that loops until the user enters a valid number
					The console
					Description
			How to work with output streams
				An introduction to stream manipulators
				How to specify the width of a column
					Common stream manipulators
					How to include the iomanip header file
					How to align columns with tabs
					How to specify the width of a column
					Description
				How to right or left justify columns
					Text data displayed with the default right justification
					How to left-justify the text with the left manipulator
					Data that uses left and right justification
					Description
				How to format floating-point numbers
					How to set the number of significant digits
					How to set the number of decimal places
					Description
				The Invoice 3.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			How to work with file streams
				How to read and write a file
					Three file stream classes
					Two member functions of the file stream classes
					How to include the header file for the file stream classes
					How to write data to a file
					How to read data from a file
					How to define a file stream object and open it in one statement
				How to append data to a file
				How to use the fstream object to work with files
					The syntax for the open() member function of a file stream object
					Common file access flags
					How to use an ofstream object to append data
					How to use a fstream object for input and output
					Description
				How to check for errors when working with files
					The data in the file named info.txt
					A while loop that displays the data in the text file
					How to handle data conversion errors
					Description
				How to read and write delimited data
					Code that defines a filename
					Code that writes tab-delimited data to a file
					Code that reads tab-delimited data from a file
					Description
				The Temperature Manager program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			How to work with string streams
				How to use a string stream to handle unexpected data
					How to include the header file for the string stream classes
					A data file that contains unexpected data
					Description
				The Temperature Analyzer program
					The console
					The temps.txt file
					Description
					The code
					The code (continued)
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 5-1 Validate data and create a tab-delimited file
				Display data from a tab-delimited file
				Exercise 5-3 Use a string stream
		How to work with data types, strings, and vectors
			Basic skills for working with data types
				The fundamental data types
					The fundamental data types and their typical sizes and ranges
					Description
					Technical notes
				How to define and initialize variables
					The assignment operator
					Statements that define and initialize variables
					How to define multiple variables in one statement
					How to define and initialize multiple variables in one statement
					How to assign the same value to multiple variables
					How to use the auto keyword to infer the data type based on initial value
					Description
				How to define and initialize constants
					How to define and initialize a constant
					How to use a constant
					Description
				The Light Years Calculator program
					The console
					The code
			More skills for working with data types
				How to work with type conversion
					The C++ rules for type coercion
					The ranking of the data types
					Examples of type coercion
					Another way to perform an explicit conversion (not recommended)
					Description
				How to work with data type sizes and limits
					The sizeof operator Syntax
					The include statement for the numericjimits header file
					Some of the static members of the numericjimits class
					What happens when you exceed an integer type’s minimum or maximum
					Description
				How to fix problems with floating-point data
			How to work with vectors
				How to create a vector and refer to its elements
					How to include the header file for the vector class
					The syntax for defining a vector
					Examples of vector definitions
					The syntax for referring to an element of a vector
					How to use the subscript operator to access the elements in a vector
					Description
				How to initialize and loop through a vector
					The syntax for using an initialization list to define and initialize a vector
					Examples that use an initialization list
					How to use a for loop to display all the elements in a vector object
					How to use a range-based for loop to avoid out of bounds access
					Description
				How to use member functions of a vector
					Some member functions of the vector container
					Statements that use the member functions of a vector
					How to insert and erase elements
					Description
				The Test Scores program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
				The Temperature Manager program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
			How to work with strings
				How to create and loop through a string
					How to include the header file for the string class
					How to define a string
					How to define and initialize a string
					Another way to define and initialize a string
					How to capitalize the first letter of a string string name - "grace"; char letter ■ name[OJ;
					How to compare strings for equality
					How to use a for loop to convert a string to all uppercase letters
					How to use a range-based for loop to create a new string of uppercase letters
					Description
				How to use basic member functions of a string
					Some basic member functions of the string class
					How to remove the last character of a string
					How to make sure a user has entered a string
					How to remove all characters from a string
					Description
				How to search a string
					Some member functions for searching strings
					How to use the find() and rfind() functions
					How to check if a string contains at least one numeric character
					How to get the index of the first character that’s not whitespace
					Description
				How to work with substrings
					A member function for getting part of a string
					How to strip whitespace from the beginning of a string
					How to get the domain part of an email address
					Description
				How to modify a string
					Some member functions for modifying a string
					How to insert a string into another string
					How to delete part of a string
					How to replace all instances of a placeholder
					How to replace all instances of one character with another character
					Description
				How to check characters within a string
					Functions for checking the value of a character
					How to check if a string starts with a lowercase letter
					How to check if a string contains punctuation
					Description
				The Create Account program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
				The Word Jumble program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 6-1 Store the values for future value calculations in vectors
		How to code functions
			How to start coding your own functions
				How to define and call a function
					The syntax for defining a function
					A function that doesn’t accept arguments or return data
					A function that accepts an argument but doesn’t return data
					A function that accepts two arguments and returns a double value How to define it
					Description
				The Miles Per Gallon program
					The console
					The code
					Description
				How to declare a function
					The syntax for declaring a function
					Code that declares functions
					Code that declares and defines two functions
					Description
				When and how to use local and global variables
					A function that changes a global variable (not recommended)
					A local variable that shadows a global variable (not recommended)
					A function that uses a global constant (okay)
					Description
			How to plan the functions of a program
				How to use a hierarchy chart
					A hierarchy outline for the same program
					How to build a hierarchy chart
					Guidelines for creating hierarchy charts
				The Convert Temperatures program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			More skills for coding functions
				How to use default values for arguments
					A function definition that has two default values
					How to call the function with default values
					A function declaration that has two default values
					Description
				How to overload a function
					An overloaded to_celsius() function
					Code that calls these functions
					Description
				How to use reference variables as parameters
					How reference parameters work
					How function calls work
					Description
				How to use reference parameters to improve efficiency
					A function that converts a string to lowercase
					Description
				The Temperature Manager program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
			How to work with header files and namespaces
				How to create, implement, and use header files
					The header file named temperature.h
					The implementation file named temperature.cpp
					The main.cpp file that uses these functions
					A header file should not include
					Description
				How to define namespaces
					A header file that declares two functions in a namespace
					A source code file that defines two functions in a namespace
					Code that makes it easy to access all functions in a namespace
					Code that identifies a specific function within a namespace ftinclude <iostream> include "temperature.h"
					Description
				A header for getting input from the console
					The console.h file
					The console.cpp file
					The console.cpp file (continued)
				The Future Value program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 7-1 Add functions to the
				Miles Per Gallon program
				Exercise 7-2 Create a namespace with validation functions
		How to test, debug, and deploy a program
			Basic skills for testing and debugging
				Typical test phases
				The three types of errors
					The Future Value program with a logic error
					The goal of testing
					The goal of debugging
					Three test phases
					The three types of errors that can occur
					Description
				Common C++ errors
					Code that contains syntax errors
					Common syntax errors
					Problems with identifiers
					Problems with values
					A problem with floating-point numbers
				How to plan the test runs
				A simple way to trace code execution
					Code that traces execution by displaying messages on the console
					The data that’s displayed on the console
					Description
			How to use Visual Studio
			to debug a program
				How to set and remove breakpoints
					Visual Studio with a breakpoint
					Description
				How to step through code
				How to inspect variables
					A debugging session with Visual Studio
					Some of the buttons on the Debug toolbar
					Description
				How to inspect the stack trace
					A Visual Studio debugging session with the Call Stack window displayed
					Description
			How to use Xcode to debug a program
				How to set and remove breakpoints
					Xcode with a breakpoint
					Description
				How to step through code
				How to inspect variables
					A debugging session with Xcode
					Some of the buttons on the Debug toolbar
					Description
				How to inspect the stack trace
					An Xcode debugging session with a stack trace displayed
					Description
			How to deploy and run a program
				How to deploy a program
				How to run a deployed program
					Typical folder and filename of the executable file
					How to deploy an executable file
					Two ways to run the executable file
					Code that you can add to keep the console open
					How to use the console to run an executable file on Windows
					How to use the console to run an executable file on macOS or Linux
					Description
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 8-1 Test and debug a Test Scores program
				Exercise 8-2 Test and debug the Future Value program
	Section 2
		More skills as you need them
		How to work with structures and enumerations
			Basic skills for working with structures
				How to get started with structures
					How to define a structure data type
					How to define a variable of a structure type
					How to access the members of a structure object
					How to create a vector of structure objects and add a structure object to it vector<Movie> movies; movies.push_back(movie);
					How to loop through a vector of structure objects
					Description
				How to initialize a structure
				The Movie List 1.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			More skills for working with structures
				How to nest structures
					An Invoice structure that nests two Date structures
					Code that uses these nested structures
					The console
					Description
				How to use structures with functions
					A function that returns a Movie object
					A function that accepts a Movie object but doesn’t update it
					A function that accepts a Movie object and updates it
					Code that uses these functions to work with movie data
					Another way to update a Movie object
					Code that uses this function to update a Movie object
					Description
				How to compare structures for equality
					Three Movie objects for comparison
					What happens if you try to compare structure variables for equality The code
					How to compare the data members of the Movie objects for equality An if statement that displays a message
					Code that sets a Boolean variable
					Description
				How to work with member functions
				How to work with member operators
					A Movie data type with a member function
					Code that calls the member function of a Movie object
					How to declare a member function prototype and define it later
					How to add an operator to a data type
					Code that uses the equality operator with Movie objects
					Description
				The Movie List 2.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
			How to work with enumerations
				Basic skills for working with scoped enumerations
					How to define an enumeration
					How to access an enumerator
					How to create a variable for an enumerator
					How to create and initialize a variable for an enumerator
					A function that accepts an enumeration as an argument
					Code that uses the function
					Description
				More skills for working with scoped enumerations
					An enumeration that uses indexes that start with zero
					Code that converts an integer to its corresponding enumerator
					Code that gets the corresponding integer of an enumerator
					Code that uses relational operators with an enumeration
					How to set the values of the enumerators
					How to work with char enumerators
					Description
				How to work with unscoped enumerations
					An unscoped enumeration
					How to access an enumerator
					How to create and initialize a variable for an enumerator
					A function that accepts an enumeration as an argument
					Code that uses the function
					Problems with unscoped enumerations
					Description
				The Monthly Bonus Calculator program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 9-1 Use a structure with the Create Account program
				Exercise 9-2 Use an enumeration with the Movie List program
		How to work with STL containers and iterators
			An introduction to STL containers and iterators
				A summary of STL containers
					Two types of STL containers
					Five of the sequence containers
					Two container adapters
					Five of the associative containers
					A URL for more documentation about containers
					Description
				A summary of STL iterators
					Two member functions shared by all STL containers
					An interval defined by the iterators returned by begin() and end()
					The six iterator types from lowest to highest
					Some of the operations provided by iterators
					Description
				Basic skills for working with iterators
					The container that’s used by the examples
					Two ways to define an iterator
					How to get iterators that point to the first and third elements
					How to use the ++ operator in a loop to advance an iterator
					How to get an iterator that points to the last element
					How to access the value of the element that an iterator points to
					Description
				Member functions shared by the STL containers
					Some more member functions shared by the STL containers
					Some examples of the member functions
					Description
				How to iterate the data in a container
					The vector that’s used by the examples
					How to use a for loop and subscripting to iterate the data in a container
					How to use a range-based for loop to iterate the data in a container
					How to use iterators to iterate the data in a container
					Description
			More skills for working with vectors
				Member functions shared by the sequence containers
					Some member functions shared by the sequence containers
					Examples
					Description
				Member functions of a vector
					A graphical representation of the contiguous memory of a vector
					Some member functions of the vector container
					One of the operators defined by the vector container
					How to use a list of values to initialize a vector
					How to use iterators to initialize a vector
					Description
				How to set capacity to improve efficiency
					Code that adds ten elements to an empty vector
					How to create an empty vector with space for ten elements
					Description
				The Movie Rankings 1.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			How to work with arrays
				Basic skills for working with arrays
					The header file for the array container
					The syntax for defining an array
					Two examples that define an array
					The number of elements in an array must be known at compile time
					How to use an initialization list
					How to access the elements in an array
					How to loop through all of the values in an array
					Description
				How to pass an array to a function
					The console
					The code
			How to work with lists
				An introduction to lists and forward lists
					A graphical representation of the non-contiguous memory of a list
					A graphical representation of the pointers of a forward list
					The header file for the list and forward list containers
					How to initialize a list and a forward list with a list of values
					How to use the values of a vector to initialize a list
					How to assign the values of a vector to a list
					Description
				Member functions of a list
					Some member functions of the list container
					Examples
					Description
				The Movie Rankings 2.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			How to work with queues and stacks
				How to work with queues
				How to work with stacks
					Some member functions of the queue container adapter
					The header file for the queue container adapter
					An example of working with a queue
					Some member functions of the stack container adapter
					The header file for the stack container adapter
					An example of working with a stack
			How to work with sets
				Member functions of associative containers
				Code examples that work with sets
					Some member functions shared by the associative containers
					The header file for the set and multiset containers
					How to create a set with an initialization list
					How to find and remove a value from a set
					Description
			How to work with maps
				Member functions and operators of a map
					Some member functions of the map container
					One of the operators defined by the map container
					The header file for the map and multimap containers
					How to create a map with an initialization list
					How to display the data in a map
					Description
				How to insert key/value pairs and work with values by key
					The map of strings and ints used by the examples
					How to insert, read, and write values with the subscript operator
					How to insert values with the insert() member function
					How to insert and write values with the insert_or_assign() function
					How you can accidentally insert a key/value pair with the subscript operator
					How to use the find() member function to check whether a key is in the map
					Description
				The Word Counter program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			How to work with nested containers
				How to work with a vector of vectors
				How to work with a map of vectors
					How to work with a vector of vectors
					How to work with a map of vectors
					Description
			Perspective
				Exercise 10-1 Use a list with the Movie List program
				Exercise 10-2 Create a program that uses a map
				Exercise 10-3 Use a multiset and a set
				with the Word Counter program
		How to work with STL algorithms
			An introduction to STL algorithms
				The relationship between containers, iterators, and algorithms
					The STL algorithms work with iterators rather than directly with containers
					Examples that use the same algorithm with five different container types
					Description
				How to call an algorithm
				How to pass a function as an argument
					A URL that lists all of the STL algorithms
					The header file for many of the STL algorithms
					A vector of integers that’s used in the following examples
					An algorithm that accepts two iterators and doesn’t return a value
					An algorithm that accepts two iterators plus a third argument and returns a value
					An algorithm that accepts a smaller range than the sequence in a container
					An algorithm that returns an iterator
					An algorithm that accepts a function as an argument
					Description
					Note
			Basic skills for working with algorithms
				How to use the non-modifying algorithms
					Non-modifying operations
					How to count the number of occurrences of an element
					How to display each element in an interval
					How to find a specific element in an interval
					How to search for a range of elements in an interval
					Description
					Modifying operations
					How to replace a value in an interval with another value
					How to copy the elements of an interval
					How to remove and erase elements from an interval
					How to remove and erase in one statement
					Description
				How to use the numeric algorithms
					Minimum/maximum operations
					A vector of int values used in the following examples
					How to find the minimum value in an interval
					How to find the maximum value in an interval
					How to find the index of the maximum value in an interval
					Numeric operations
					The header file for the numeric algorithms
					How to fill an interval with sequentially increasing values
					How to total all the values in an interval
					How to total all the even-numbered values in an interval
					Sort and binary search operations
					How to sort an interval in ascending order
					How to sort an interval in descending order
					How to sort an interval by length of string
					Description
				The Number Cruncher program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			More skills for working with algorithms
				How to use algorithms with intervals of key/value pairs
					How to display the pairs in a map
					How to total the values in a map
					How to count the pairs in a map that meet a criteria
					Description
				How to use algorithms with nested containers
					How to total the values in all the vectors in the map
					Description
			More skills for passing functions to algorithms
				How to work with function templates
					A function that displays an int value
					The syntax for creating a function template
					A function template that can display multiple data types
					A function template that can display key/value pairs of multiple types template<typename K, typename V> void display(pair<K, V> p) (
					Three container objects used by the following examples
					Code that calls the function templates directly
					Description
				How to work with function objects
					A function that checks if a pair value is less than 500
					A function object that checks if a pair value is less than a varying amount
					A map of strings and doubles to be used in the following examples
					Code that uses the function object with the count_if() algorithm
					Description
				How to work with lambda expressions
					The syntax of a lambda expression
					The parts of a lambda expression
					How to tell the compiler whether and how to capture variables
					How to code a lambda expression inline
					How to store a lambda expression in a variable for reuse
					How to capture an external variable in a lambda expression
					How to allow varying data types (C++2014 and later)
					Description
				The Uptime Percentage program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
				Exercise 11-1 Use algorithms with the Test Scores program
				Exercise 11-2 Use algorithms with the Word Counter program
				Exercise 11-3 Use a function object and a lambda expression with the Test Scores program
		How to work with built-in arrays and C strings
			Basic skills for built-in arrays
				How to create an array and access its elements
					The syntax for creating a built-in array
					Code that creates a built-in array of type int with 7 elements
					The number of elements in an array must be known at compile time
					How to access the elements in an array
					Description
				How to initialize an array
				How to loop through an array
					How to initialize an array
					How to loop through all the elements in an array
					Description
				How to pass an array to a function
					How to code a function with an array as a parameter
					What happens to an array when it’s used in an expression
					Description
				How to compare and copy arrays
					How to check whether two arrays are equal
					How to copy the values of one array to another
					Description
				The Test Scores program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			How to work with C strings
				An introduction to C strings
					How to create a C string
					How to initialize a partially filled C string
					Three ways to initialize an empty C string
					Code that shows the extra element for the null terminator
					Two char arrays that are not C strings
					Description
				How to use C strings with input streams
					The syntax of the getlineO member function of an input stream object
					Code that gets a variable-length C string with possible spaces
					Description
				Some utility functions for working with C strings
					The include statement for the cstring header file
					Some of the functions for working with C strings
					Code that determines the length of a string
					Code that concatenates two strings
					Code that assigns one string to another
					Code that compares two strings for equality
					Description
				How to loop through a C string
					Code that uses the value returned by strlen() to traverse a C string
					Code that checks for the null terminator to traverse a C string
					How to work with a function that accepts a C string
					Description
				The Create Account program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
			Advanced skills for built-in arrays
				How to search an array
					Description
				How to sort an array
					A function that uses the bubble sort algorithm to sort an array of ints
					A function that uses the selection sort algorithm to sort an array of ints
					Description
				How to use STL algorithms with built-in arrays
					A built-in array of double values
					How to use array decay to get a pointer to the first element
					How to use pointer arithmetic to change the element that's pointed to
					How to use pointer arithmetic to get a pointer to one past the last element
					Two ways to pass the pointers to an STL algorithm
					More examples that use STL algorithms with built-in arrays
					Description
					How to create a two-dimensional array
					Graphical representation of a two-dimensional array
					How to access the elements in a two-dimensional array
					How to initialize a two-dimensional array
					How to process a two-dimensional array with a nested for loop
					A two-dimensional array of C strings
					Description
					The console
					Description
				The Top Five program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					Note
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 12-1 Use an array with a Product Sales program
				Exercise 12-2 Use C strings with the Word Jumble program
				Exercise 12-3 Use a two-dimensional array with the Test Scores program
		How to work with exceptions
			How to get started with exceptions
				A function that doesn’t use exceptions
					Calling code that displays an invalid result
					Calling code that uses the return value to check for an error
					Description
				How to throw an exception
					The hierarchy of predefined exception classes
					The syntax for creating an exception object
					The syntax of the throw statement
					A function that throws a predefined exception
					Calling code that passes an invalid argument
					Description
				How to catch an exception
					The syntax for a try/catch statement that catches an exception
					The what() function that’s available from all exception objects
					How to handle an invalid_argument exception
					A catch clause that handles all predefined exceptions
					Description
				A program that catches exceptions
					The console
					The code
				A program that prevents exceptions from being thrown
					The console
					The code
			More skills for working with exceptions
				How to catch multiple exceptions
					The syntax for a try statement with multiple catch clauses
					Code that throws different types of predefined exception objects
					Code that handles multiple predefined exceptions
					Description
				How to rethrow an exception
					The syntax for rethrowing an exception
					A function that throws an exception
					A function that rethrows an exception
					Description
				The Temperature Manager program
					The console for no exceptions
					The console if load_temps() throws an exception
					The code for the main() function
				How to work with custom exceptions
					Code that throws a string object
					Code that defines a custom exception object
					Code that creates a custom exception object and throws it
					The syntax for a catch clause that catches all exceptions
					Code that handles multiple custom exceptions
					Description
				How exception handling works
					The call stack after four functions have been called
					Description
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 13-1 Add exception handling to the Convert Temperatures program
				Exercise 13-2 Add a custom exception to the Word Counter program
	Section 3
		Object-oriented programming
		How to define classes
			An introduction to object-oriented programming
				A Movie structure that doesn’t provide encapsulation
					Code that creates an object from the Movie structure and uses it
					Description
				A Movie class that provides encapsulation
					A Movie class
					Code that creates an object from the Movie class and uses it
					Description
				How to define private data members
					The syntax for defining private and public members
					A class that places all private members before public members
					A class that places all public members before private members class Movie ( public: // public members
					Description
				How to define getter and setter functions
					A setter function
					A setter function that validates data
					A getter function that returns an int value
					Code that calls these functions
					Description
				The Movie List 1.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			More skills for coding member functions
				How to work with private member functions
					The declarations for three more functions for the Movie class
					A private function that converts a string to uppercase
					A public function that returns the title in uppercase
					Code that calls the public functions
					Description
				How to convert between numbers and strings
					Three functions for converting between numbers and strings
					The declarations for more functions for the Movie class
					A set_year() function that accepts an int value
					An overload of the set_year() function that accepts a string
					Code that calls the three public functions
					Description
					A default constructor (zero parameters)
					Another way to code a default constructor (zero required parameters)
					Three ways to call the default constructor (no arguments)
					Examples that pass arguments to a constructor
					An example that creates an object and stores it in a vector
					Description
				How to define destructors
					A destructor
					An example of a class with a destructor
					Description
			How to store a class in header and source files
				The header and source files for a Movie class
					The Movie.h file
					The Movie.cpp file
					The Movie.cpp file (continued)
					Description
				When and how to use inline functions
					A Movie.h file that uses inline function definitions
					Pros of inline functions
					Cons of inline functions
					Description
				The Movie List 2.0 program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
			How to work with UML diagrams
				An introduction to UML diagrams
					A UML diagram for the Movie class from figure 14-10
					A UML diagram for the Product class from figure 14-15
					Description
				UML diagrams with data types
					A UML diagram for the Movie class from figure 14-10
					A UML diagram for the Product class from figure 14-15
					Description
				A Product class that implements a UML diagram
					The Product.h file
					The Product.cpp file
				The Product Viewer program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
			How to work with object composition
				A Die class
					A UML diagram for a Die class
					The Die.h file
					The Die.cpp file
				A Dice class
					A UML diagram for two classes that use composition
					The Dice.h file
					The Dice.cpp file
					Description
				The Dice Roller program
					The console
					The code
			The Pig Dice game
				The console
				The code
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					The code (continued)
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 14-1 Enhance the Dice Roller program
				Exercise 14-2 Create an object-oriented Convert Temperatures program
				Exercise 14-3 Create an object-oriented Circle Calculator program
		How to work with inheritance
			How to get started with inheritance
				How inheritance works
					A UML diagram for three classes that use inheritance
					Description
					UML diagramming note
				How to define a superclass
					Access modifiers
					The Product.h file for the Product superclass
					When coding a superclass...
				How to define a subclass
					The syntax for working with subclasses
					The Book.h file for the Book subclass
					Another way to code the get_description() function
					When coding a subclass...
				How to define another subclass
					The Movie.h file for the Movie subclass
					Note
				How polymorphism works
					Three definitions of the get_description() function In the Product superclass
					A function that calls the virtual function
					Code that passes three different object types to the function
					Description
				The Product Viewer program
					The console
					The code
			More skills for working with inheritance
				How to define an abstract class
					A pure virtual function in the Product.h file class Product { protected:
					Two subclasses that override the pure virtual function In the Book subclass
					Description
				How to control overriding
					Two functions that explicitly override another function
					A function that can’t be overridden
					A function that explicitly overrides and can’t be overridden In the Book subclass
					Description
			How to work with multiple inheritance
				How multiple inheritance works
				The DayReader superclass
				The DayWriter superclass
					A UML diagram for a class that uses multiple inheritance
					Description
					The DayReader superclass
					The DayWriter superclass
				The DaylO subclass
				Code that uses the DaylO subclass
					The DaylO subclass
					Code that uses the DaylO subclass
			When to use inheritance
				How to use inheritance with custom exceptions
					The hierarchy for some common exceptions
					A DaylOError.h file that defines a class for a custom exception
					Code that throws the custom exception
					Code that catches a custom exception
					Description
				Guidelines for using inheritance
					It makes sense to use inheritance when...
					A Dice class that inherits the vector class (not recommended) The Dice.h file
					Code that uses this Dice class
					A few problems with this approach
					Description
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 15-1 Enhance the Product Viewer program
				Exercise 15-2 Work with abstract classes
				and control overriding
		More skills for object- oriented programming
			How to work with static members
				How to code static data members and functions
					The Product class with a static data member and a static function
					Code in the Product.cpp file that works with the static data member
					Description
				How to access static data members and functions
					How to access a static data member from a class
					How to access a static data member from an object
					How to call a static member function from a class
					How to call a static member function from an object
					Description
				The Console class
					A Console class that provides static functions
				Code that uses the Console class
					Code that calls static functions directly from the Console class
					Code that calls static functions from a Console object
					The console for both examples
					Description
			How to work with a friend function
				The FuelTank class
					A FuelTank class
					Code that uses the FuelTank class
					Description
				A friend function that works with two classes
					The header file for a FuelCan class that declares a friend function
					The header file for a FuelTank class that declares a friend function
					The implementation for the friend function
					Code that uses the friend function
					Description
			How to overload operators
				How to overload arithmetic binary operators
					The addition operator for the FuelTank class
					Code that uses the addition operator
					The subtraction operator for the FuelTank class
					Code that uses the subtraction operator
					Description
				How to overload arithmetic unary operators
					The prefix increment operator for the FuelTank class
					Code that uses the prefix increment operator
					The postfix increment operator for the FuelTank class
					Code that uses the postfix increment operator
					Description
				How to overload relational operators
					The less than operator for the FuelTank class
					The greater than operator for the FuelTank class
					The equality operator for the FuelTank class
					Code that uses the relational operators
					Description
				How to overload the insertion and extraction operators
					The insertion operator for the FuelTank class
					The extraction operator for the FuelTank class
					Code that uses the insertion and extraction operators
					Description
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 16-1 Enhance the Future Value program
				Exercise 16-2 Add operators to a Circle object
	Section 4
		Skills for legacy and generic programming
		How to work with memory and pointers
			An introduction to memory and pointers
				How physical memory works
					A graphical representation of the sequence of bytes in physical memory I I I I I I I I I I I I I I □
					How to allocate memory by defining two variables
					How to allocate memory by defining an array variable
					How to use the address of operator to get the memory address of an object
					Description
				How to define and use pointers
					Code that defines an int variable and a pointer to that int object
					A graphical representation of the relationship between these two variables
					How to display the value stored by the pointer
					How to use the indirection operator to work with a pointer
					How to use the member access operator to call a function
					Description
				More skills for defining and using pointers
					The three syntaxes for defining a pointer
					Three variables used in this figure
					Three places to code the asterisk when defining a pointer
					How to define multiple pointers on one line
					Three ways to define a null pointer
					How to change the object a pointer points to
					An error that can occur when changing the object a pointer points to
					Description
				How pointer variables compare
				to reference variables
					How pointer variables compare to reference variables
					Define and initialize a regular, reference, and pointer variable
					Display the underlying value of each variable
					Display the memory address of each variable
					Description
			How to use pointers with functions
				How and when to pass pointers to functions
					The square() function with a pointer parameter
					The square() function with a reference parameter
					The display_array() function with a pointer parameter for a built-in array
					When to use a pointer parameter rather than a reference parameter
					Description
				How to use the this pointer in a member function
					A Calculator class whose member functions use the this pointer and return self-references
					Code that uses the Calculator class
					Code that uses the Calculator class with function chaining
					Description
				The Step Counter 1.0 program
					The console
					The code
				The Step Counter 2.0 program
					The console
					The code
			How to use pointers to work with dynamic memory
				An overview of the types of storage
					Types of storage set aside for a program when it starts
					Automatic storage (stack)
					Free store (heap)
					Description
					How to use the new keyword to allocate free store memory
					How to use the delete keyword to deallocate free store memory
					A function that could lead to a memory leak
					A function that could lead to heap corruption
					Description
			How to avoid memory leaks and corruption
				How to use RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Instantiation)
					A MyContainer class that uses RAII
					Code that uses the MyContainer class
					The console
					Description
				How to implement the Rule of Three with RAII
					The member functions required by the Rule of Three
					The MyContainer class updated to implement the Rule of Three class MyContainer { private:
					Description
				How to implement the Rule of Five with RAII
					The additional member functions required by the Rule of Five
					The MyContainer class updated to implement the Rule of Five
					Description
				How to work with smart pointers
					How to include the memory header file
					Three smart pointers in the memory header (C++11 and later)
					How to use the make_unique() function (C++14 and later)
					Code that uses the create_array() function
					Description
				The Sensor Analysis program
					The console
					The HeapArray.h file
					The HeapArray.cpp file
					The main.cpp file
			More skills for working with pointers
				How to compare pointers
				How to use pointer arithmetic
				How to work with void pointers
					How to compare pointers
					How to use pointer arithmetic in an array
					How to define a void pointer and point to different types
					How to cast a void pointer to a pointer to a type
					Description
				How to use pointers with inheritance
					The Product hierarchy
					How to use a superclass pointer to store addresses of subclass objects
					How to code a function that accepts a superclass pointer
					How to create a vector of superclass pointers
					Description
				How complex compound types work
					How to define a pointer to a pointer
					How to dereference a pointer to a pointer
					How to code a reference to a pointer
					How to use the const keyword with pointers
					Examples that use the const keyword with pointers
					Examples that use compound types
					Description
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 17-1 Use pointers with built-in arrays
				Exercise 17-2 Implement the Rule of Three
		How to work with templates
			How to work with function templates
				An overloaded function
					A function that’s overloaded for two data types
					Code that calls these functions
					Description
				A function template
					A function template
					Code that calls this function template
					The function that’s generated by the first call to the template
					Description
				How to code a function template with one type parameter
					A function that accepts an int value
					The syntax for a template prefix with a single type parameter
					Another way to code the same function template
					A declaration for the first function template
					How to use type deduction when you call a function template
					How to explicitly specify the type when you call a function template
					Description
				How to code a function template with multiple type parameters
					Code that calls the function
					The syntax for a template prefix with multiple type parameters
					The same function after it has been converted to a function template template<typename K, typename V> void display(K key, V value) {
					How to use type deduction when you call a function template display("mary", 217); display(1, "Hammer");
					How to explicitly specify type when you call a function template
					Description
			How to work with class templates
				How to code a simple class template
				How to code a more complex class template
					The header file for the HeapArray class template
					Description
				How to use a complex class template
					Code that uses the HeapArray class template
					The console
					Description
				How to code a function template that works with a class template
					A function template that works with a class template
					The console
					Description
				The Sensor Analysis program
					The console
					The code
			Perspective
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 18-1 Create a function template
				Exercise 18-2 Add a function to the HeapArray class template
				Exercise 18-3 Use a class template with a function template
		How to code custom containers, iterators, and algorithms
			How to code a custom container
				How to work with member types
					Some of the member types provided by the STL containers
					The size types for two STL containers
					How to create an alias with the typedef keyword (prior to C++11)
					How to create an alias with the using keyword (C++11 and later)
					Code that creates a MyContainer class with a size_type type class MyContainer { public:
					Code that uses the MyContainer::size_type member type
					Description
				The MyVector class declaration
					The MyVector class declaration
				The constructor and destructor definitions
					The constructor and destructor definitions
				The assignment operator definitions
					The assignment operator definitions
					The member function definitions
				The Task Manager 1.0 program
					The console
					The code
					Description
			How to code a custom iterator
				How to work with iterator traits
					The five iterator traits needed for an iterator class to be STL compliant
					The iterator category tags
					How to inherit from std::iterator (deprecated in C++17)
					Description
				The Link structure
					The Link structure
					Description
				The Mylterator class
					The Mylterator class
				The MyList class declaration
					The MyList class declaration
					Description
				The member function definitions
					The member function definitions
					The member function definitions (continued)
				The Task Manager 2.0 program
					The console
					The code
					Description
			How to code a custom algorithm
				The find midpoint() algorithm
					The find_midpoint() algorithm
					Code that uses this algorithm with an STL vector
					Description
				The Number Cruncher program
					The console
					The code
					The code (continued)
					Description
				Terms
				Summary
				Exercise 19-1 Test the MyVector class
				Exercise 19-2 Test the MyList class
				Exercise 19-3 Create a new custom algorithm
	Appendix A
		How to set up Windows for this book
			How to install the Visual Studio IDE
				The main page for installing Visual Studio Community
				The download page for Visual Studio Community
				How to install the Visual Studio IDE
				Description
			How to install the source code for this book
				The Murach website
				The folder that contains the Visual Studio projects
				The subfolders
				How to download and install the files for this book
				How to use a zip file instead of a self-extracting zip file
	Appendix B
		How to set up macOS for this book
			How to install the Xcode IDE
				The download page for Xcode
				How to install the Xcode IDE
				Description
			How to install the source code for this book
				The Murach website
				The directory that contains the Xcode projects
				The subdirectories
				How to download and install the files for this book
				A note about right-clicking
				A note about warnings
			How the source code makes it easier for Xcode projects to store data in files
				The source code directory for an Xcode project
				The working directory for the project
				The directory that contains the files for most programs in this book
				The subdirectories
				Code that has been added to the Xcode source code
				Description
		Index
			A
			B
			c
				D
				F
				G
				H
				I
				J
				K
				L
				M
				N
			o
				P
				Q
				R
			s
				T
			u
				V
			w
				X
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