Introduction to Computer Organization: An Under the Hood Look at Hardware and x86-64 Assembly

Title Page
Copyright
About the Author
Preface
    Who This Book Is For
    About This Book
        The Programming in the Book
        Why Read This Book?
        Chapter Organization
    Efficient Use of This Book
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Setting the Stage
    Computer Subsystems
    Program Execution
    The Programming Environment
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 2: Data Storage Formats
    Describing Switches and Groups of Switches
        Representing Switches with Bits
        Representing Groups of Bits
        Using Hexadecimal Digits
    The Mathematical Equivalence of Binary and Decimal
        Getting to Know Positional Notation
        Converting Binary to Unsigned Decimal
        Converting Unsigned Decimal to Binary
    Storing Data in Memory
        Expressing Memory Addresses 
        Characters
        Unsigned Integers
    Exploring Data Formats with C
        C and C++ I/O Libraries
        Writing and Executing Your First C Program
    Examining Memory with a Debugger
        Using Your Debugger
        Understanding Byte Storage Order in Memory
    What You’ve Learned 
Chapter 3: Computer Arithmetic
    Adding and Subtracting Unsigned Integers
        Adding in the Decimal Number System
        Subtracting in the Decimal Number System
        Adding and Subtracting Unsigned Integers in Binary
    Adding and Subtracting Signed Integers
        Two’s Complement
        Computing Two’s Complement
        Adding and Subtracting Signed Integers in Binary
        Circular Nature of Integer Codes
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 4: Boolean Algebra
    Basic Boolean Operators
    Boolean Expressions
    Boolean Algebra Rules
        Boolean Algebra Rules That Are the Same as Elementary Algebra
        Boolean Algebra Rules That Differ from Elementary Algebra
    Boolean Functions
        Canonical Sum or Sum of Minterms
        Canonical Product or Product of Maxterms
        Comparison of Canonical Boolean Forms
    Boolean Expression Minimization
        Minimal Expressions
        Minimization Using Algebraic Manipulations
        Minimization Using Karnaugh Maps
    Combining Basic Boolean Operators
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 5: Logic Gates
    Crash Course in Electronics
        Power Supplies and Batteries
        Passive Components
    Transistors
        MOSFET Switch
        CMOS Switch
    NAND and NOR Gates
    NAND as a Universal Gate
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 6: Combinational Logic Circuits
    The Two Classes of Logic Circuits
    Adders
        Half Adder
        Full Adder
        Full Adder from Two Half Adders
        Ripple-Carry Addition and Subtraction Circuits
    Decoders
    Multiplexers
        Tristate Buffer
    Programmable Logic Devices
        Programmable Logic Array 
        Read-Only Memory 
        Programmable Array Logic 
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 7: Sequential Logic Circuits
    Latches
        SR Latch Using NOR Gates
        SR Latch Using NAND Gates
        SR Latch with Enable
        The D Latch
    Flip-Flops
        Clocks
        D Flip-Flop
        T Flip-Flop
        JK Flip-Flop
    Designing Sequential Logic Circuits
        Designing a Counter
        Designing a Branch Predictor
    What You’ve Learned 
Chapter 8: Memory
    The Memory Hierarchy
        Mass Storage
        Main Memory
        Cache Memory
        Registers
    Implementing Memory in Hardware
        Four-Bit Register
        Shift Register
        Register File
        Read-Write Memory
        Static Random-Access Memory 
        Dynamic Random-Access Memory 
    What You’ve Learned 
Chapter 9: Central Processing Unit 
    CPU Overview
        CPU Subsystems
        Instruction Execution Cycle
    x86-64 Registers
        General-Purpose Registers
        Status Register
    C/C++ Integral Data Types and Register Sizes
    Using gdb to View the CPU Registers
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 10: Programming in Assembly Language
    Compiling a Program Written in C
    From C to Assembly Language
        Assembler Directives That We Won’t Use
        Assembler Directives That We Will Use
    Creating a Program in Assembly Language
        Assembly Language in General
        First Assembly Language Instructions
        Minimal Processing in a Function
        Using gdb to Learn Assembly Language
    AT&T Syntax
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 11: Inside the main Function
    The write and read System Call Functions
    Passing Arguments in Registers
    Position-Independent Code
    The Call Stack
        Stacks in General
        Inside the Function Prologue and Epilogue
    Local Variables in a Function
        Variables on the Stack
        Stack Corruption
    Not Using the C Runtime Environment
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 12: Instruction Details
    Looking at Machine Code
    Instruction Bytes
        Opcode Bytes
        ModR/M Byte
        REX Prefix Byte
    Immediate Addressing Mode
    Memory Addressing Modes
        Direct Memory Addressing
        Register Indirect with Offset
        Register Indirect with Indexing
        SIB Byte
    Jump Instructions
    Assemblers and Linkers
        The Assembler
        The Linker
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 13: Control Flow Constructs
    Jumps
        Unconditional Jumps
        Conditional Jumps
    Iteration
        while Loop
        for Loop
        do-while Loop
    Selection
        if Conditional
        if-then-else Conditional
        switch Conditional
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 14: Inside Subfunctions
    Scope of Variable Names in C
    Overview of Passing Arguments
    Global Variables
    Explicitly Passing Arguments
        Passing Arguments in C
        What’s Going On in Assembly Language
    Handling More Than Six Arguments
        Pushing Arguments onto the Stack
        Storing Arguments Directly on the Stack
        Summary of Stack Frame Usage
    Static Local Variables
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 15: Special Uses of Subfunctions
    Recursion
    Accessing CPU Features in Assembly Language
        A Separate Function Written in Assembly Language
        Inline Assembly Language
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 16: Computing with Bitwise Logic, Multiplication, and Division Instructions
    Bit Masking
        Bit Masking in C
        Logic Instructions
        Bit Masking in Assembly Language
    Shifting Bits
        Shifting Bits in C
        Shift Instructions
        Shifting Bits in Assembly Language
    Multiplication
        Multiplication in C
        Multiply Instructions
        Multiplication in Assembly Language
    Division
        Division in C
        Division Instructions
        Division in Assembly Language
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 17: Data Structures
    Arrays
        Arrays in C
        Arrays in Assembly Language
    Records
        Records in C
        Records in Assembly Language
        Passing Records to Other Functions in C
        Passing Records to Other Functions in Assembly Language
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 18: Object-Oriented Programming
    Objects in C++
        Using Objects in C++
        Defining Class Member Functions
        Letting the Compiler Write a Constructor and Destructor
    Objects in Assembly Language
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 19: Fractional Numbers
    Fractional Values in Binary
    Fixed-Point Numbers
        When the Fractional Part Is a Sum of Inverse Powers of Two
        When the Fractional Part Is in Decimal
    Floating-Point Numbers
        Floating-Point Representation
        IEEE 754 Floating-Point Standard
        SSE2 Floating-Point Hardware
        xmm Registers
        Programming with Floating-Point Numbers
        Floating-Point Arithmetic Errors
    Comments About Numerical Accuracy
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 20: Input/Output
    Timing Considerations
        Memory Timing
        I/O Device Timing
        Bus Timing
    Accessing I/O Devices
        Port-Mapped I/O
        Memory-Mapped I/O
    I/O Programming
        Polled I/O
        Interrupt-Driven I/O
        Direct Memory Access
    Polled I/O Programming Algorithms
        UART Memory-Mapped I/O in C
        UART Memory-Mapped I/O in Assembly Language
        UART Port-Mapped I/O
    What You’ve Learned
Chapter 21: Interrupts and Exceptions
    Privilege Levels
    CPU Response to an Interrupt or Exception
        External Interrupts
        Exceptions
        Software Interrupts
    System Calls
        The int 0x80 Software Interrupt
        The syscall Instruction
    What You’ve Learned
Index