Fundamentals of Programming in SAS: A Case Studies Approach

Foreword
    To Readers
    To Classroom Instructors
    About the IPUMS CPS Data
About This Book
    What Does This Book Cover?
    Is This Book for You?
    What Should You Know About the Examples?
        Software Used to Develop the Book’s Content
        Example Code and Data
        SAS University Edition
    Where Are the Exercise Solutions?
    We Want to Hear from You
About These Authors
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction to SAS
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Learning Objectives
    1.3 SAS Environments
        1.3.1 The SAS Windowing Environment
        1.3.2 SAS Studio and SAS University Edition 
    1.4 SAS Fundamentals
        1.4.1 SAS Language Basics
        1.4.2 SAS DATA and PROC Steps
        1.4.3 SAS Libraries and Data Sets
        1.4.4 The SAS Log
    1.5 Output Delivery System
    1.6 SAS Language Basics
        1.6.1 SAS Language Structure
        1.6.2 SAS Naming Conventions
    1.7 Chapter Notes
    1.8 Exercises
Chapter 2: Foundations for Analyzing Data and Reading Data from Other Sources
    2.1 Learning Objectives
    2.2 Case Study Activity
    2.3 Getting Started with Data Exploration in SAS
        2.3.1 Assigning Labels and Using SAS Formats
        2.3.2 PROC SORT and BY-Group Processing
    2.4 Using the MEANS Procedure for Quantitative Summaries
        2.4.1 Choosing Analysis Variables and Statistics in PROC MEANS
        2.4.2 Using the CLASS Statement in PROC MEANS
    2.5 User-Defined Formats
        2.5.1 The FORMAT Procedure
        2.5.2 Permanent Storage and Inspection of Defined Formats
    2.6 Subsetting with the WHERE Statement
    2.7 Using the FREQ Procedure for Categorical Summaries
        2.7.1 Choosing Analysis Variables in PROC FREQ
        2.7.2 Multi-Way Tables in PROC FREQ
    2.8 Reading Raw Data
        2.8.1 Introduction to Reading Delimited Files
        2.8.2 More with List Input
        2.8.3 Introduction to Reading Fixed-Position Data
    2.9 Details of the DATA Step Process
        2.9.1 Introduction to the Compilation and Execution Phases
        2.9.2 Building blocks of a Data Set: Input Buffers and Program Data Vectors
        2.9.3 Debugging the DATA Step
    2.10 Validation
    2.11 Wrap-Up Activity
    2.12 Chapter Notes
    2.13 Exercises
Chapter 3: Bar Chart Basics, Data Diagnostics and Cleaning, and More on Reading Data from Other Sources
    3.1 Learning Objectives
    3.2 Case Study Activity
    3.3 Bar Charts
        3.3.1 Bar Charts on a Single Variable for Frequency and Relative Frequency
        3.3.2 Setting a Response Variable for HBAR or VBAR
        3.3.3 Grouped Bar Charts in HBAR or VBAR
    3.4 Options and Statements to Style Bar Charts
        3.4.1 HBAR and VBAR Options
        3.4.2 Statements to Alter Axis and Legend Styles
    3.5 Creating and Using Output Data Sets from MEANS and FREQ
        3.5.1 The OUTPUT Statement
        3.5.2 The ODS OUTPUT Statement
    3.6 Reading Raw Data with Informats
        3.6.1 Formatted Input
        3.6.2 Column Pointer Controls
        3.6.3 Modified List Input
    3.7 Handling Incomplete Records
        3.7.1 Using DSD to Read Delimited Data with Missing Values
        3.7.2 Reading Past the End of a Line
    3.8 Reading and Writing Raw Data with the IMPORT and EXPORT Procedures
    3.9 Simple Data Inspection and Cleaning
        3.9.1 MEANS and FREQ as Diagnostic Tools
        3.9.2 Application of Functions for Data Cleaning
    3.10 Wrap-Up Activity
    3.11 Chapter Notes
    3.12 Exercises
        Case Studies
Chapter 4: Combining Data Vertically in the DATA Step
    4.1 Learning Objectives
    4.2 Case Study Activity
    4.3 Vertically Combining SAS Data Sets in the DATA Step
        4.3.1 Concatenation
        4.3.2 Interleaving 
    4.4 Managing Data Sets During Combination
        4.4.1 Selecting Variables with KEEP and DROP
        4.4.2 Changing Variable names with RENAME
        4.4.3 Selecting Records with WHERE and Subsetting IF
        4.4.4 Identifying Record Sources with IN= 
        4.4.5 Implicit Conversion
    4.5 Creating Variables Conditionally
        4.5.1 IF-THEN Statements
        4.5.2 IF-THEN/ELSE Statements
        4.5.3 SELECT Groups
    4.6 Working with Dates and Times
    4.7 Data Exploration with the UNIVARIATE Procedure
        4.7.1 Summary Statistics in PROC UNIVARIATE
        4.7.2 Graphing Statements in PROC UNIVARIATE
    4.8 Data Distribution Plots
        4.8.1 Histograms
        4.8.2 Histograms in SGPANEL
        4.8.3 Boxplots
        4.8.4 High-Low Plots
    4.9 Wrap-Up Activity
    4.10 Chapter Notes
    4.11 Exercises
Chapter 5: Joining Data Sets on Common Values and Measuring Association
    5.1 Learning Objectives
    5.2 Case Study Activity
    5.3 Horizontally Combining SAS Data Sets in the DATA Step
        5.3.1 One-to-One Match-Merging
        5.3.2 Comparing One-to-One Reading, Merging, and Match-Merging
        5.3.3 One-To-Many Match-Merge
        5.3.4 Many-to-Many Match-Merge
    5.4 Match-Merge Details
        Iteration 3
        Iteration 4
        Iteration 5
        Iteration 6
    5.5 Controlling Output
    5.6 Procedures for Investigating Association
        5.6.1 Investigating Associations with the CORR and FREQ Procedures
        5.6.2 Plots for Investigating Association 
    5.7 Restructuring Data with the TRANSPOSE Procedure
        5.7.1 The TRANSPOSE Procedure
        5.7.2 Revisiting Section 5.6 Examples Using Transposed Data
    5.8 Wrap-Up Activity
    5.9 Chapter Notes
    5.10 Exercises 
Chapter 6: Restructuring Data and Introduction to Advanced Reporting
    6.1 Learning Objectives
    6.2 Case Study Activity
    6.3 DO Loops
        6.3.1 Iterative DO Loops
        6.3.2 Conditional DO Loops
        6.3.3 Iterative-Conditional Loops
    6.4 Arrays
        6.4.1 One-Dimensional Arrays
        6.4.2 Multidimensional Arrays
    6.5 Interchanging Row and Column Information with Arrays
    6.6 Generating Tables with PROC REPORT
        6.6.1 Basic Report Structures and Summaries Using a Single Group Variable
        6.6.2 Additional Summaries Using BREAK and RBREAK Statements
        6.6.3 Grouping in Columns with the ACROSS Usage Option
        6.6.4 Generating Data Sets from PROC REPORT Summaries
    6.7 Wrap-Up Activity
    6.8 Chapter Notes
    6.9 Exercises 
Chapter 7: Advanced DATA Step Concepts
    7.1 Learning Objectives
    7.2 Case-Study Activity
    7.3 Reading Complex Raw Data Structures
        7.3.1 Creating A Single Observation from Multiple Rows
        7.3.2 Creating Multiple Observations from A Single Row
    7.4 Working Across Records in the DATA Step
        7.4.1 RETAIN Statement
        7.4.2 DATA Step Sum Statement
        7.4.3 BY-Group Processing
    7.5 Customizations in the REPORT Procedure
        7.5.1 Defining Styles in PROC REPORT
        7.5.2 Computing New Variables in PROC REPORT
        7.5.3 Using Compute Blocks to Insert Customized Text and Set Styles 
    7.6 Connecting to Spreadsheets and Relational Databases
        7.6.1 Connecting to and Working with Data in Excel Spreadsheets
        7.6.2 Connecting to and Working with Data in Access Databases
    7.7 Wrap-Up Activity
    7.8 Chapter Notes
    7.9 Exercises 
        Case Studies
Chapter 8: Clinical Trial Case Study
    8.1 Scenario, Learning Objectives, and Introductory Activities
    8.2 Reading and Summarizing Visit and Lab Data
    8.3 Improving Reading of Data; Creating Charts
    8.4 Working with Data Stacked Across Visits (and Sites)
    8.5 Assembling and Summarizing Data—Sites 1, 2, and 3 
    8.6 Data Restructuring and Report Writing
    8.7 Advanced Data Reading and Report Writing—Connecting to Spreadsheets and Databases
    8.8 Comprehensive Activity