Energy-Smart Buildings: Design, Construction and Monitoring of Buildings for Improved Energy Efficiency

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
IOP Series in Renewable and Sustainable Power
Preface
List of contributors
1 Introduction to energy efficiency in buildings
    1.1 Introduction
    1.2 Protocols and legislation
    1.3 Energy performance standards in the European Union
    References
2 Basic principles of energy use in buildings
    2.1 Basic principles of heat transfer
        2.1.1 Heat conduction
        2.1.2 Heat convection
        2.1.3 Heat radiation
        2.1.4 Heat transfer through envelope components
        2.1.5 Thermal bridges
        2.1.6 Thermal mass
    2.2 Energy balance of the building
        2.2.1 Energy use for lighting and appliances
        2.2.2 Energy use for domestic hot water
        2.2.3 Energy use for HVAC systems
        2.2.4 Heating demand
        2.2.5 Cooling demand
        2.2.6 Ventilation energy
    References
3 Building design and envelope
    3.1 Cold climate design
    3.2 Strategies to reduce the energy demand
        3.2.1 Decreasing the space heating demand
        3.2.2 Providing free heating
        3.2.3 Limiting the cooling demand
        3.2.4 Providing free daylighting
        3.2.5 Creating an energy efficient building envelope
    3.3 Components of the building envelope
        3.3.1 Opaque envelope
        3.3.2 Transparent envelope
        3.3.3 Airtightness
        3.3.4 Thermal bridges
        3.3.5 Solar systems
        3.3.6 Shading systems
        3.3.7 Passive cooling systems
    3.4 Building retrofitting
        3.4.1 Energy savings and cost-effectiveness
        3.4.2 Challenges
        3.4.3 Common retrofit solutions
    3.5 Conclusion
    References
4 Smart components and systems
    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 Smart system description
        4.2.1 Smart building network
        4.2.2 Information and communication technologies
        4.2.3 User behaviour
    4.3 Smart building technology classification
    4.4 Smart building technologies
        4.4.1 Integrated wireless technologies
        4.4.2 Home energy management
        4.4.3 Smart building micro-computers
        4.4.4 Home automation systems
    4.5 Intelligent buildings
        4.5.1 Challenges and opportunities
    4.6 Building automation control systems
        4.6.1 Energy savings from BACS
    4.7 Energy flexibility
    4.8 User interaction
    4.9 Future benefits and challenges
    References
5 Energy production in buildings
    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Solar electrical energy
        5.2.1 Solar production
        5.2.2 Types of PV panels
        5.2.3 Inverters for PV systems
        5.2.4 Energy payback time
        5.2.5 PV costs
        5.2.6 Comparison of different PV technologies
        5.2.7 Challenges for PV systems
        5.2.8 Conclusions and future development
    5.3 Wind electrical energy
        5.3.1 The urban environment
        5.3.2 Atmospheric boundary layer
        5.3.3 Wind turbines in the urban environment
        5.3.4 Vertical axis versus horizontal axis wind turbines
        5.3.5 Wind turbine performance
        5.3.6 Construction standards
        5.3.7 Cost assessment
        5.3.8 Wind turbine noise pollution
        5.3.9 Challenges for urban wind turbines
        5.3.10 Conclusions and future developments
    References
6 Energy storage
    6.1 Biomass
        6.1.1 Development of bioenergy
        6.1.2 Biogas fuel storage
    6.2 Hydrogen
        6.2.1 Development of hydrogen
        6.2.2 Hydrogen storage
    6.3 Present uses of hydrogen and biomass
        6.3.1 Heat and industry
        6.3.2 Infrastructure
    6.4 Heat energy storage
        6.4.1 Electrical hot water heaters
    6.5 Energy storage by batteries
    References
7 Optimal control of batteries and hot water heaters in zero emission neighbourhoods
    7.1 Introduction
        7.1.1 Grid tariff structure in Norway
        7.1.2 Energy flexibility in buildings
        7.1.3 Carbon emissions
        7.1.4 Photovoltaic systems
        7.1.5 Electric water heater
    7.2 Case study of the campus at Evenstad
        7.2.1 The baseline scenario
        7.2.2 Electric water heaters
        7.2.3 Operation of water heaters and batteries
        7.2.4 Peak shaving
        7.2.5 Self-consumption
        7.2.6 CO2 emissions
        7.2.7 Economic value
        7.2.8 Sensitivity analysis—shadow price
    7.3 Conclusion
    References
8 Spot price and carbon emissions in a zero-emission neighbourhood
    8.1 Introduction
        8.1.1 Campus Evenstad
        8.1.2 Choice of battery
        8.1.3 The Norwegian power market
    8.2 Methodology
        8.2.1 The peak shaving model
        8.2.2 Carbon intensity model
        8.2.3 Spot price model
        8.2.4 Consumption model
    8.3 Results
        8.3.1 Peak shaving
        8.3.2 Carbon intensity
        8.3.3 Spot price
        8.3.4 Comparison between carbon intensity and spot price
        8.3.5 Self-consumption
        8.3.6 Size of the battery bank
    8.4 Discussion
        8.4.1 Maximizing self-consumption of PV energy
        8.4.2 Peak shaving
        8.4.3 The value of a battery at Campus Evenstad
    References