Connecting the Internet of Things: IoT Connectivity Standards and Solutions
- Length: 406 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: Apress
- Publication Date: 2023-02-19
- ISBN-10: 1484288963
- ISBN-13: 9781484288962
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
Navigating the fragmented IoT connectivity ecosystem of standards, protocols, and architectures can be a challenge. Not to mention scaling a solution to a viable product. This book guides you through this fractured landscape with real world examples and projects that can be leverage for an IoT product.
Backed by an overview of IoT use cases and key connectivity elements of IoT solutions, you’ll gain an understanding of the breadth of the IoT landscape and the fragmentation of connectivity standards and solutions and the challenge in navigating the many standards and technologies. You’ll also be able to understand the essentials of connectivity including, hardware, software, and business models.
IoT is essential for increasing productivity of many industries and quality of life (making the world smart and autonomous). Both wired and wireless connectivity technologies are essential ingredients in an IoT product. Written by Intel engineers and architects, Connecting the Internet of Things understands that connectivity is a key topic of IoT and comprehensively covers the topic from a system engineering and practical perspective.
What You’ll Learn
- Understand the trade offs between different wireless technologies and network topologies
- Use wireless technologies in IoT products
- Examine connectivity technologies and considerations on selecting it for the IoT use cases
- Assemble all of the components of a working solution
- Scale your solution to a product
- Review emerging connectivity technologies for addressing new use cases
- Advance and optimize the performance of existing technologies
Who This Book Is For
Researchers, managers, strategists, technologists, makers, and students in the embedded and Internet of Things (IoT) space trying to understand and implement connectivity in the devices/platforms.
Table of Contents About the Authors Introduction Chapter 1: IoT Connectivity Considerations IoT at a Glance Wired or Wireless? Which Wireless Technology? Considerations for Choosing Wireless Technologies for IoT Spectrum Range and Capacity Network Topology Quality of Service Network Management Security Connectivity Standards Summary Problem Set Chapter 2: Back to Wireless Basics Chapter Overview Introduction The Ideal Wireless World vs. Reality Challenges of Wireless Connectivity Connectivity Basics Wired Connectivity Wireless Connectivity What Is a Radio? The Bigger Picture: Wireless Protocol Stack OSI Model: Basis for Defining a Protocol Why Is It Called the Internet of Things? The Physical Layer: Wireless Challenges Frequency Band Considerations 2.4GHz ISM Band Just Enough Information Theory Just Enough Communications Theory Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Bit Error Rate and Packet Error Rate Radio Impairments What Factors Determine How Far We Can Send Our Wireless Data? RF Environment Examples Attenuation due to Free Space Loss Attenuation due to Absorption by the Atmosphere Attenuation due to Obstacles Noise Internal Noise Sources External Noise Sources Characterizing Noise Example: Digital Communications System with Noise Interference Co-Channel Interference Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) Jamming Fading and Multipath Techniques for Improving the Radio Mitigating Noise Mitigating Multipath Interference Mitigation Link Budget Example: Bluetooth Link Calculation BLE Transmission over an Open Field with Range of 50 Meters Open Field with Distance of 1000 Meters Between TX and RX How About Using LoRA? Why Not Increase the Transmit Power? Why Not Increase the Antenna Gain? Antenna Example for a Use Case What Factors Affect How Fast We Can Send Data? Channel Capacity Network Architecture Considerations How Many Users/Devices Can I Connect to a Wireless Network? Multiple Access Techniques Selection of Network Architectures and Topologies Point-to-Point Mesh Network Star Network Duplexing Data Link Layer Logical Link Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC) Protocol and Network Complexity Scheduling Transmissions Wireless Standards Fragmentation of Wireless Standards Classification of standards Wireless Standard Bodies Chapter Summary Key Terminology for Chapter 2 Key Constants Chapter Problems References for Chapter 2 Chapter 3: Wi-Fi Chapter Overview What Do We Mean by Wi-Fi? Why Wi-Fi for IoT? Wi-Fi IoT Use Cases Wi-Fi Standards Bodies Wi-Fi Generations History of Wi-Fi: Aloha Network Wi-Fi Standards of Interest 802.11bgn 802.11ac or Wi-Fi 5 802.11ax or Wi-Fi 6 (2019) Wi-Fi 6E (2020) Wi-Fi 6E Release 2 (2022) Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be) Impact of Wi-Fi 6 Chip Shortages in 2021–2022 Determining Which Wi-Fi Standards Are Supported by a Module Wi-Fi System Architecture Wi-Fi Stack Wi-Fi Software Stack Wi-Fi Module Wi-Fi Driver mac80211 cfg80211 nl80211 iw wpa_supplicant hostapd Virtualization: Connecting Containers to Wi-Fi Wi-Fi Range Wi-Fi Mesh Wi-Fi Authentication Wi-Fi Security Best Effort Wi-Fi Bandwidth Allocation Quality of Service Improvements Key Wi-Fi Features Wi-Fi Roaming How It Works Soft Access Point or Wi-Fi Hot Spots Enabling Soft AP Applications of Soft AP for IoT Wi-Fi Provisioning for IoT Devices Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) Push Button Method Access Point Mode Wi-Fi Certified Easy Connect Out of Band Methods Proprietary Methods Wi-Fi Direct Applications How It Works Miracast Location Using Wi-Fi: 802.11mc Fine Time Measurement How Is It Done? 802.11p DSRC Wi-Fi Sensing Technology Applications of Wi-Fi Sensing Wi-Fi Reliability and Latency Putting Together an IoT Solution with Wi-Fi The Future of Wi-Fi Summary Problem Set Chapter 4: Bluetooth Introduction Bluetooth Technology Brief History Bluetooth SIG Bluetooth Markets Bluetooth Applications Bluetooth Classic Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) Comparison of Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth LE Bluetooth Network Topologies Point-to-Point Broadcast Mesh Networking Mesh Security Comparison of Bluetooth Topologies Bluetooth LE Stack Bluetooth LE PHY Bluetooth 5.0 Bluetooth 5.1 Bluetooth 5.2 Bluetooth Profiles Bluetooth Classic Profiles Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP) Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) Hands-Free Profile (HFP) Headset Profile (HSP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Human Interface Device Protocol (HID) Bluetooth Classic Protocols Bluetooth LE Profiles Example: Smart Home Sensor Use Case Example: Retail Proximity Use Case Example: Covid-19 Contact Tracing Use Case Bluetooth Applications and Product Categories Bluetooth Direction Finding Proximity Detection vs. Direction Finding Angle of Arrival (AoA) Angle of Departure (AoD) Real-Time Location Services (RTLS) Angle of Arrival (AoA) vs. Angle of Departure (AoD) Bluetooth Beacons Bluetooth Security Confidentiality Authentication Integrity Authorization Privacy Security Attacks Bluetooth LE Security Security Levels and Modes Security Manager Bluetooth Pairing and Bonding Pairing Methods Bluetooth LE Legacy Pairing Bluetooth LE Secure Connections Summary of LE Secure Connections Pairing Association Models Difference Between LE Legacy Pairing and LE Secure Connections Security Keys and Security Capabilities Encrypted Connections Device Authentication Authentication of Data Privacy and Device Tracking Protection Attribute Permissions The White List Isochronous Channels Security and Implementation Issues Specification Compliance Technical Quality Issues Bluetooth Qualification Bluetooth Qualification Process Completing the Bluetooth Qualification Process Qualification Process with No Required Testing Qualification Process with Required Testing Bluetooth Certification Labs Bluetooth Solutions Selection Criteria Single Mode Bluetooth Solutions Dual Mode Bluetooth Solutions Multi-radio Solutions Bluetooth Solution Vendors Bluetooth Range Improving Bluetooth LE Power Consumption Getting Started with Bluetooth Bluetooth Markets Chapter Questions References for Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) Chapter Overview LPWAN Use Cases LPWAN Systems in 2022 Open Standard or Proprietary Spectrum Selection Public or Private Network System Design Tradeoffs Ecosystem Viability Key LPWAN System Parameters LoRaWAN LoRaWAN: History LoRaWAN: Technical Summary LoRaWAN: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments LoRaWAN: Assessment SigFox Sigfox: History Sigfox: Overview Sigfox: Technical Summary Sigfox: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments Sigfox: Assessment RPMA (Ingenu) RPMA: History RPMA: Technical Summary RPMA: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments RPMA: Assessment NB-Fi NB-Fi: History NB-Fi: Technical Summary NB-Fi: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments NB-Fi: Assessment NB-IoT NB-IoT: History NB-IoT: Technical Summary NB-IoT: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments NB-IoT: Assessment LTE-M LTE-M: History LTE-M: Technical Summary LTE-M: Key Ecosystem Partners and Deployments LTE-M: Assessment LPWAN Selection Process Summary Problem Set Chapter 6: Building Your IoT Solution Chapter Overview Product Requirements Designing Your Solution Wireless Selection Coexistence Hardware Design Antenna Selection and Placement Operating System Wireless Drivers RF Tools Application Software Connecting to the Cloud Prototyping Validation Quality and Reliability Certification Scaling Your Solution Deployment of the Product Customer Support Case Studies Case Study 1: Digital Signage at a Retail Store Case Study 2: Forest Monitoring System for One Trillion Trees Summary Problem Set Chapter 7: Conclusion Chapter Overview Recap Future of IoT Connectivity Next Steps Index
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