Applied Quantum Computers: Learn about the Concept, Architecture, Tools, and Adoption Strategies for Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Foreword
About the Author
About the Reviewer
Acknowledgements
Preface
Errata
Table of Contents
1. Tools for Imaginations, Innovation, Technologies, and Creativity
    Structure
    Objectives
    Plan of the chapter
    Mind Maps: An overview
    Mind Map and brain
    How to create a mind map
    Point of View (POV)
    Expert opinion
    Jargon busters
    Customer stories, case studies, and use cases
    Industry bites
    Thought cartoons / cartoons / TechToons
    What are TechToons?
    What are cartoons?
    What are thought cartoons?
    What are the differences between cartoons and TechToons?
    Mind Map of the chapter
    Conclusion
2. Quantum Physics as an Enabler of a Quantum Computer
    Structure
    Objectives
    Introduction
    Jargon Buster
    From quantum information to quantum physics to quantum computer
    Quantum computers?
    Why do we need quantum physics for quantum computers?
        Quantum 1.0 and 2.0
        Quantum cryptography
        Quantum computer and AI
    Classical physics, modern physics, and quantum physics their relationships
    The birth of quantum physics
    Photons and quantum computers
    What is photoelectric effect?… by the way
    Let’s summarize: some fundamental concepts of modern physics and radiation
    Particles of light
    The event which triggered the modern thoughts: A bit of more history
    Atomic theory
    Foundation of quantum mechanics
    Wave function
    The Copenhagen interpretation
    Quantum electrodynamics
        Quantum personality: Richard P. Feynman
    The fundamentals concepts of quantum computing
        Superposition
        Entanglement
        Coherence
        Decoherence
        Fault tolerance
        Interference
        Tunneling
        Randomness in behavior
    Uncertainty principle and how it is useful in QC
    Young’s double-slit experiment
    The interrelation between entanglement and coherence
    Before quantum physics, there is no law… right …!!!
    The definition of quantum computers … revisited
    Why quantum computers … now
    Tell me how QC will work with today’s technologies
    One of the major theories for quantum computers: The church-Turing Principle (CTP)
        The discussion continues: Church-Turing Principle (CTP), quantum Turing machine and universal quantum computer
        Universal quantum computer
    The soul of quantum computers: The impact of algorithms
        Quantum computing supremacy
            Point of view: Seth Lloyd on Universe as QC
        Quantum computing use cases
    Sample opportunity areas for quantum computing: explanations for few important ones
    The social and commercial effects of quantum technology
    Story 1: quantum organization and leadership
    Quantum computers: just a piece of a holistic system
    Facts form research, innovation, and industry
    Some questions and answers
    Human brain and quantum computers: the QuBrain project
    Mind Map for the chapter
    Conclusion
    References
    Important terms for the chapter: refer to this when required
        IT terminology
        Qubits associated terminologies
3. Mathematics of Quantum Computers: The Fundamentals
    Objectives
    Structure
    Introduction
    Development of mathematics and physics
    Quantum computers and mathematics
    Number system
        Euler’s formula
    Some additional facts and types of number system
    Structures in the number system
    Polynomials
    Number of systems in context of computer science
    Details of computer’s relevent number systems
        Details of the binary number system
    Laws of Boolean algebra
    Symbols
    Truth tables for the laws of Boolean
    Basic truth tables
    Summary of Boolean algebra
    Implications
    Description of the laws of Boolean algebra
    Boolean algebra functions
    Use of Boolean algebra using its laws
    Operands and operators in quantum mechanics
    Importance of basic probability algebra and theory
    Essential concepts of probability
    Essential concepts of algebra
    Review of Pythagoras theorem
    Essential concepts of vectors
    Vector addition and multiplication
    Multiplying a Bra by a Ket
    Concepts of matrices, different operations on matrices
    Order of a matrix
    Transpose of a matrix
    Various common operations on matrices and their properties
        Matrices addition
        Matrices subtraction
        Matrices multiplication
            How to calculate?
    Tensor and tensor product
    Old wine in a new bottle!!!
    Essential of trigonometry concepts
    An important compilation of results related to Trigonometry and calculus
    Quantum mechanics, quantum computers, and vectors
    Observables and Hermitian operators
        Jargon Buster
    Mind Map for the chapter
    Conclusion
4. From Bits to Qubits to Qubytes
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    A miracle called quantum computers
    Information theory, thermodynamics, and computation
    The start of the journey: from then to now
    Before we move further, some additional thoughts on a quantum computer
    Quantum parallelism
    Spin and Qubit
    The physics of atom in a nutshell – facts and figures
    Spin states and charges
        Jargon box
    Further details on state
    What is this up and down state
    How to get up and down state experientially
    Significance of states
    Summary of essential notions, math, and The Stern–Gerlach experimentbin context of Dirac theory
    Qubit and entanglement
    Spin
    Quantum number and energy state
    One additional point about Qubit and electron states
    Electron spin theory
    Observer effect
    Observer effect, no-cloning theorem, and quantum computing
    From classical bit to Qubit
    Qubit detailed
        Quick Facts
    So how is the Qubit created?
    Caution!!! More Qubit is not equal to faster computation
    Systematic explanation of qubits, quantum gates, and circuits
    How to measure Qubit
    Quantum gates
    From quantum gate to quantum circuit
    Details of quantum circuts
    Quantum register
    Quantum register: working
    Inputs and outputs of quantum circuits: representations, logic, and theory
        Controlled gates
        Measurement operator
    A summary of the key symbols
    Quantum teleportation and its circuit diagram
    Let’s go into a bit detail: mechanics, mathematics, and measurements of Qubit
    Single-Qubit gates
    Few additional key single-qubit gates
    Multi-Qubit gates
    Universal sets: moving from traditional gates to Quantum gates
    Multiple types of Qubit
    Components of a Quantum computer
    How to make robust quantum computers: welcome quantum error correction
    A complete quantum system from hardware to software
    Solving problems on quantum computers
    Hybrid quantum – classical computing
    Real-life working of Quantum Program: Microsoft way
    Case Study: Microsoft’s journey to quantum computers
    Other companies’ technology stacks
    Question and answers
    Story 1: Why Honeywell?
        Honeywell challengers
        Applications
    Mind Map of the chapter
    Conclusion
    References
    Important terms and concepts used in the chapter
5. Artificial Intelligence and Associated Technologies: A Review
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    Intelligence and AI
    The AI hypes
    Can machines think?
    Let’s define AI, ML
    Why AI now?
    The relevance of AI
    Types of AI
    Sometimes hard, sometimes soft: AI computing paradigm
    What is Computational Intelligence (CI) and different variant of intelligent computing
    AI research and its impact on the associated subsystems
        Machine learning revisited
    Machine learning types
    Deep learning
    Let’s build AI projects
    AI, business of intelligence and the projects
    The essential skills for AI projects
    Does it mean managing AI projects are difficult?
    Relation between AI, business, and perfect decision
    Ingredients of a holistic AI solution: in the context of projects
    How to create an AI solution
    Cloud computing
    Internet of Things (IoT)
    What is big data?
    Data, data and data: I want to know it in detail, but technically
        Schema-on-write ecosystems
        Schema-on-read ecosystems
        Data lake
        Data vault
        Data analytics
        Data science
    Think holistically
    Building IoT enabled AI
    A pictorial real-life case study for IoT
    Building Big data-based AI solution
    The technology for Big data and AI
    The advantages of HDInsight
    Quantum computing and artificial intelligence?
    OK, now I want to understand the interrelation between AI, ML deep learning, and quantum machine learning
    Use cases for AI
    Story 1: Future of humanity-- integration of Brain science, AI and quantum computers
    Story 2: AI, culture, arts, and quantum computers
    Story 3: The security of an AI is an emerging topic
    Quantum use case 1: Quleap -- first integrated AI platform for small molecule drug design
    Quantum use case 2: Hyrax – the quantum discovery framework
        Hyrax
    Quantum use case 3: Detecting market instabilities
    Quantum use case 4: Optimizing radiotherapy treatments, fighting with cancer, and the quantum computing algorithm
    Mind Map for the chapter
    Conclusion
6. Quantum Algorithms for Everyone …!!!
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    Adventures in quantum algorithms and problem-solving
    A case of quantum algorithms
    What is an algorithm by the way?
    Types of algorithms
    What are quantum algorithms
    How Quantum Algorithms are different from the classical algorithm
    Difficulties with the implementation of a quantum algorithms
    Computational complexity
    Complexity theory and Quantum computers
    The quantum case of complexity and computation
    Let’s program a quantum algorithm: Qiskit way
    Quantum algorithms in action
    A brief journey in the universe of quantum algorithm and computing
    How to input data into a quantum computing algorithm using the quantum gate model
    How quantum algorithms work
    The big classes of quantum algorithms
    Some important quantum algorithms
    The Deutsch Oracle
        Shor’s algorithm: Theoretical interaction
    The Fourier transform: an introduction
        Shor’s algorithm prime numbers: Generic interpretation of working
        Working of Shor’s algorithm: Step wise explanation
        Adiabatic algorithm
        Topological-Quantum-Field-Theory (TQFT) Algorithms
        Discrete-log
        Verifying matrix products
        Subset-sum
        Grover’s algorithm
        Uses of Grover’s algorithm
        Setup steps of Grover’s algorithm
        Steps of Grover’s algorithm
        Explanation of the algorithm
        Deutsch-Jozsa
        Matrix commutativity
        Group commutativity
        Quantum simulation
        Machine learning algorithms
    Finally a summary of important facts about quantum algorithms
    Quantum computing software platforms
    Story 1: Semiconductor spin qubits for construction of reliable quantum computers
        Story 2: Quantum compatible areas for algorithms
    Story 3: Quantum computing and corporate traction
    Provocative thought 1: Industries, quantum computers and way forward
    Provocative thought 2: The case of the right quantum computer for business
    Provocative thought 3: Industry transformation and quantum computers
    Mind Map
    Conclusion
    References and bibliography
7. Quantum Machine Learning
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    Building a business case for AI
    The deal of quantum machine learning
    Roadmap for building, executing, and running quantum machine learning
    The current state of AI, ML, and deep learning technology
        The democratization of artificial intelligence
        Machine learning: libraries
        Machine learning and deep learning platforms
    Evolution of QML
    Holistic approach towads QML and QC
    Quantum machine learning and Quantum information processing
    Classical machine learning versus quantum machine learning
    Let’s explore QML
        Quantum data
    Hybrid quantum-classical models
    Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ)
    Quantum speed-ups in machine learning
    Author’s POV on building machine learning / Quantum machine learning solutions
    Languages, Tools, Platforms, and QML
    Quantum deep learning
    Limits and discoveries in Quantum Deep Learning
    Benefits of Quantum Machine Learning (QML)
    Few important QML algorithms
    A few important applications of QML
    Algorthmic case study - Quantum Support Vector Machine (QSVM)
    Story 1: Quantum imaging
        Story 2: Quantum sensors a brief look
    Story 3: Quantum simulation
    Use case 1: LightOn’s optical processing unit
    Use case 2: Quantum control
    Use case 3: Chatbot and virtual assistants
    Use case 4: Robotics in the context of AI and ML
    Use case 5: 5G -- Present and future applications
    Mind Map
    Conclusion
    Important terms and concepts used in the chapter
8. Quantum Cryptography: The Future of Security
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    Need, shift, and desire for cryptography
    The quantum computing threat to cryptography
    The thesis of quantum cryptography
    Understanding cryptography
        Classical cryptography
            Secret key cryptography
            Public key cryptography
        Limitations of classical cryptography techniques
        Problem with cryptography
    Importance of quantum cryptography
    Quantum cryptography : in context of physics
    Quantum cryptography versus traditional cryptography
    Photon polarization and quantum cryptography
        Polarization and polarizer
        Measurement and polarization
    Significance of quantum key distribution
    Lattice-based cryptography
    Hash-based cryptography
    Fully distrustful protocol
        Distrustful protocol
        Bit commitment protocol
    Some important other protocols
        BB84 protocol
        BB92 protocol
    Cryptography attack
    Quantum Internet
    How to create a quantum network
    Quantum internet consists of three essential quantum hardware elements
    Quantum communications, Quantum Key Distrubution (QKD) and Quantum Internet
        Quick Facts
    Pros and cons of expanding cryptographic infrastructure
    Teleportation
    Blockchain
    Bitcoin, Blockchain and their working
    Blockchain: the perfect partner for AI data
    Meeting the challenge--capturing the opportunity
    Quantum Blockchain
    How likely is a quantum attack on bitcoin?
    Quantum networks and classical digital networks: impact and advantages in brief
    Future-ready: quantum cryptography and its influence in comming time
    Story 1: Quantum computing-based recommendation systems
    Story 2: Disease spread, bacterial growth, and QC
    Story 3: How quantum computers will transform travel
    Story 4: Quantum computer and personalized customer experience
    Use case 1: Quantum prediction
    Use case 2: Caixa Bank journey to grow risk classification model through quantum computing
    Use case 3: Quantum computing and the automobile industry
    Latest research: path to quantum computing at room temperature
    Mind Map
    Conclusion
    References
9. The Architecture of a Quantum Computer
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    Different views of QC architecture
    A review of concepts: in the context of quantum architecture
        A brief of quantum computation
        Journey of Qubit
        The scale of operation
        Bloch’s Sphere: a mathematical representation of the Qubit
    Additional facts about quantum gate
    A review of quantum hardware
    General discussion on Core Qubit technologies development: in the background of history
    The desire of building a quantum computer
    Architecture of QC
    General discussion on QC
        Quantum annealing and computers
        Quantum simulations
        Universal quantum computing
    Multiple types of Qubit technologies
    Topological QC
    Superconductor-based QC
        Trapped ion QC
    Quantum dot QC
    Nuclear magnetic resonance QC
    Diamond-based QC
    Photon-based QC
    Few additional important technologies for quantum computers and Qubits
    Let’s build a quantum computer: elements of a quantum processor
    Practicalities of quantum computers
    The simplest way to build a quantum computer
    Entangled photons detection: Challenges and resolution
    Baby steps for quantum architecture
    Startup stories: D-Wave revisited
    Story 1: Quantum chemistry
    Story 2: Quantum compilers
    Story 3: Quantum computer a developmental journey: adiabatic quantum computer
    Use case 1: Material design and quantum computer
        Use case 2: Let’s do the optimization: The QC way
    Use case 3: Development of new molecules and materials
    Mind Map
    Question and answers
    Conclusion
10. DNA, Quantum and Photonic Computers
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    Some new types of computing
    A journey to the world of quantum, DNA and optical computing through AI
        Quantum machines, computers, and AI
        Optical computing, deep learning and AI
        DNA computers and AI
    The drive of DNA computing
    DNA and DNA computing: Details
    About Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP)
    DNA computers: In context of traveling salesman problem
    The advantages of DNA computing
        How long will it take for DNA computers to arrive?
    Optical computing: a journey
    Understanding the optical computer
        Benefits of optical computing
        Not so good about optical computing
    Details of optical computing
    Laser transistor and optical computer
    Present and future of photonics in the context of optical computing
    Optical processor architecture
    Microsoft and programming Biology
    Automation of DNA and Microsoft
    Can we have a DNA-based computer act as a Quantum Computer too? If yes, then how? If no, then why not?
    How quantum, DNA and optical computers would work together?
    Question and answers
    Mind Map
    Conclusion
11. Let’s Realize It: Quantum Start-Ups and Giants in Action
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    A story of startups
    The generation of start-up and giants collaboration
    Zapata
    Cambridge quantum computing
    Generative Tensorial Networks (GTN)
    Entropic labs
    HQS quantum simulations
    ProteinQure
        ProteinQure brings quantum-classical hybrid approach to protein design
        A collaborative effort of ProteinQure: Rigetti Computing and ProteinQure
    QC Ware
    Strangeworks
    Amazon quantum solutions lab
        A few highlights for Amazon quantum initiatives
    Microsoft
    Quantum computing at IBM
    Intel
    Rigetti computing
    The patent journey of quantum computing companies
    Patent 1: Accenture US patent for quantum computing – distribution of work effectively on classical/traditional versus quantum computer
    Patent 2: Analog processor comprising quantum devices (10691633)
    Patent 3: Quantum computing integrated development environment (US20030121028)
    Mind Map
    Conclusion
12. The Quantum Strategies
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    A new way of doing business
    Quantum computing for getting business edge
    The risk of ignoring quantum computing
    Democratization of technology and race for quantum supremacy
    Datanomics, AI, and QC
    The realities of quantum computing
    Innovation, disruptions, business expectations and quantum computing
    Quantum software strategies
    Seizing quantum advantage for your business
    CIOs, business value, and quantum computing
    Business barriers
    Quantum computing market structure
    Market forecasts
    Opportunities to apply quantum computation on industry
    Innovating with quantum computing now
    Let’s be agile … in context of quantum computing incentives and machine learning (applicable for QML as well)
        Why do you need agile?
        Waterfall methodology
            Pit bits
            Agile disadvantages
            Agile usage
            Growth values
            Personal values
    Short- and long-term goals for corporates and additional thoughts on quantum strategies
    Mind Map
    Conclusion
13. The Human Side of Quantum Computer
    Structure
    Objective
    Introduction
    Interrelation of creativity and quantum computing
    Agility and modern organization
        Meaning of organizational agility
    Emotional, social, and moral intelligence
    Benefits of equipping technical teams with EQ and other behavioral competencies
    Innovations and innovative mindset
        Flexibility
        Creativity
        Holistic and bigger thinking
        Courage
        Quick action
    Skills requirements for QC team
        Additional and specific skills requirements of QC for an individual
    How to build a quantum team
    Qualities of great quantum team members
    Difference between leader and manager
    How to build data culture and train resource on innovative technologies
    Important roles and dimentions of a quantum team
        Team leader
        Team members
        Technology / Engineering manager
        Organizational Leaders
    Questions for transparency
    POV
    Mind Map
    Conclusion
Annexure 1: Q# for quantum computation
    Q# features
    Q# Libraries
Annexure 2: Python for Quantum computing
    Vectors, matrices, and tensors manipulations
    Arithmetic operations in Python
    Vector and matrix properties and python
Annexure 3: Miscellaneous topics: reduction in emissions, global warming, fearless leadership and important facts
Annexure 4: References, Notes and Bibliography
Index