3D Printing: Fundamentals to Emerging Applications
- Length: 488 pages
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- Publisher: CRC Press
- Publication Date: 2023-04-18
- ISBN-10: 1032283998
- ISBN-13: 9781032283999
- Sales Rank: #0 (See Top 100 Books)
3D Printing: Fundamentals to Emerging Applications discusses the fundamentals of 3D-printing technologies and their emerging applications in many important sectors such as energy, biomedicals, and sensors. Top international authors in their fields cover the fundamentals of 3D-printing technologies for batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, sensors, and biomedical and other emerging applications. They also address current challenges and possible solutions in 3D-printing technologies for advanced applications.
Key features:
- Addresses the state-of-the-art progress and challenges in 3D-printing technologies
- Explores the use of various materials in 3D printing for advanced applications
- Covers fundamentals of the electrochemical behavior of various materials for energy applications
- Provides new direction and enables understanding of the chemistry, electrochemical properties, and technologies for 3D printing
This is a must-have resource for students as well as researchers and industry professionals working in energy, biomedicine, materials, and nanotechnology.
Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Biography Contributors 1 3D Printing: An Introduction 1.1 What Is Additive Manufacturing? 1.2 The Additive Manufacturing Process Chain 1.2.1 Pre-Processing 1.2.2 Manufacturing 1.2.3 Post-Processing 1.3 AM Process Categories 1.3.1 Binder Jetting 1.3.2 Directed Energy Deposition 1.3.3 Material Extrusion 1.3.4 Material Jetting 1.3.5 Powder Bed Fusion 1.3.6 Sheet Lamination 1.3.7 Vat Photopolymerization 1.4 Current Developments: Potential and Challenges 1.4.1 Size and Productivity 1.4.2 Design Considerations 1.4.3 Materials 1.4.4 Process Monitoring and Control 1.4.5 Process Automation and Industry 4.0 1.5 Conclusion References 2 Dimensional Aspect of Feedstock Material Filaments for FDM 3D Printing of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Composite 3D Printing 2.2.1 Evolution and Commercialization 2.2.2 Components of FDM 3D Printer 2.2.3 Continuous Fiber Reinforcement 2.3 Feedstocks for Polymer Composite 2.3.1 Polymer Filaments (Continuous Phase) 2.3.2 Filament Fabrication Process 2.3.3 Fibers (Discontinuous Phase) 2.3.4 Commercially Available Continuous Fibers 2.4 Dimensional Assessment of Printing Filaments 2.4.1 Methodology 2.4.2 Polymer Matrix Filament 2.4.3 Continuous Fiber Filament 2.5 Applications of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites 2.6 Summary References 3 Applications and Challenges of 3D Printing for Molecular and Atomic Scale Analytical Techniques 3.1 Introduction 3.2 UV/VIS Spectrophotometry 3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 3.4 Mass Spectrometry 3.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 3.6 Conclusion and Outlook References 4 Energy Materials for 3D Printing 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Energy Materials for 3D Printing 4.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials 4.2.1.1 Graphene-Based Materials 4.2.1.2 Carbon Aerogel 4.2.1.3 CNT-Based Materials 4.2.2 Conductive Polymer 4.2.3 Fiber-Based Materials 4.2.4 Nanocomposites Using 3D Printing Technology 4.2.5 MOF-Based Structures Using 3D Printing Technology 4.2.5.1 MOF-Based Structures Using 3D Printing Technology for Electrocatalytic Applications 4.2.6 MXene-Based Structures Using 3D Printing Technology 4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Material for 3D Printing 4.4 Future Perspectives 4.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 5 Nano-Inks for 3D Printing 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synthesis of NPs 5.3 AM Or 3D Printing 5.4 Material Jetting – Inkjet Printing (IJP) 5.5 Nano-Inks for 3D Printing: Formulation, Rheology, and Challenges 5.5.1 Metal NPs Based Inks 5.5.2 Carbon-Based Inks: Graphene/GO/rGO, CNTs 5.5.3 MXene-Based Nano Inks 5.5.4 Metal Oxide-Based Nano Inks 5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospective References 6 Additives in 3D Printing: From the Fabrication of Thermoplastics and Photoresin to Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fabrication of Thermoplastic Additive 6.3 Synthesis of Polymeric Photoresin 6.4 Additives in 3D Printing 6.4.1 Reinforcement On Filaments 6.4.2 Flexible Filaments 6.4.3 Conductive Materials 6.4.4 Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications 6.5 Conclusion and Perspectives Acknowledgments References 7 3D Printing for Electrochemical Water Splitting 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fundamentals of Electrochemical Water Splitting 7.3 3D Printing Methods for Electrochemical Water Splitting Applications 7.3.1 Fabrication of Conductive Components 7.3.2 Fabrication of Non-Conductive Components 7.4 Post-Processing of 3D-Printed Electrodes 7.4.1 Metallic Electrodes 7.4.2 Polymer-Composite Electrodes 7.5 3D-Printed Prototype Electrolyzer Devices 7.5.1 Membrane Electrolyzers 7.5.2 Membraneless Electrolyzers 7.6 Outlook and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8 Materials and Applications of 3D Print for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials of 3D Print in SOFC 8.3 Application of 3D-Printing Technology in SOFC 8.3.1 3D Printing Cathode 8.3.2 3D Printing Anode 8.3.3 3D Printing Electrolyte 8.3.3.1 3D Printing Electrolyte Film 8.3.3.2 3D Printing to Increase the Three-Phase Boundary and Specific Surface Area 8.3.4 3D Printing Components of the Cell Stack 8.3.5 3D Printing Stack Auxiliary Device 8.3.6 Challenges of 3D Printing in SOFC 8.3.6.1 High Resolution and High Precision Ceramic 3D-Printing Technology 8.3.6.2 Manufacturing of Multi-Material and Hybrid 3D Printer 8.4 Summary and Prospect References 9 3D-Printed Integrated Energy Storage: Additive Manufacturing of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Batteries 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Battery Chemistry 9.2.1 Battery Chemistry Introduction 9.2.2 Carbon for Batteries 9.3 3D Printing of Carbon 9.3.1 FFF 9.3.2 Direct Write 9.3.3 SLA 9.3.4 DLP 9.3.5 2PP 9.4 Future Applications 9.5 Summary References 10 3D-Printed Graphene-Based Electrodes for Batteries 10.1 Introduction 10.2 FDM 3D-Printed Electrodes 10.3 DIW 3D-Printing Technique 10.4 Conclusion and Future Trends References 11 3D-Printed Metal Oxides for Batteries 11.1 Introduction 11.2 3D-Printed Techniques 11.2.1 Material Extrusion (Direct Ink Writing (DIW)) 11.2.2 Material Jetting 11.2.3 Binder Jetting 11.2.4 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) 11.2.5 Directed Energy Deposition (DED) 11.2.6 Vat Photopolymerization Stereolithography (SLA) 11.2.7 Sheet Lamination 11.3 Printing Batteries 11.4 Electrode Materials for 3D-Printed Batteries 11.4.1 Carbon Materials-Based Electrodes 11.4.2 Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Electrodes 11.4.3 Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 Based Electrodes 11.4.4 Anode Materials for 3D Printing Batteries 11.5 Electrolytes for 3D Printing Batteries 11.6 Application of 3D Printing Batteries 11.6.1 3D-Printed Batteries Are Edible, With Many Medical Device Applications 11.6.2 In Automobiles 11.6.3 In Aerospace Vehicles Applications 11.6.4 In Electronic Equipment 11.7 Challenges and Prospect 11.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 12 3D-Printed MXene Composites for Batteries 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices 12.1.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) and Beyond 12.1.3 Conventional and State-Of-Art 3D Printing 12.2 Materials and Synthesis Strategy – MXenes Towards 3D Printing 12.2.1 Materials – Definition of MXenes 12.2.2 Synthesis Strategy – MXenes Towards 3D Printing 12.3 Properties of MXenes Towards 3D-Printed Electrodes 12.3.1 Interfacial Chemistry and Properties 12.3.2 Chemical Stability and Storage of MXenes Inks 12.3.3 Rheological Properties of MXene Inks 12.4 3D Printing Designs and Modules – Electrode Preparation Technology 12.4.1 3D Printing in Energy Storage 12.4.2 Types of 3D Printing Technologies 12.4.2.1 Inkjet Printing (IJP) 12.4.2.2 Stereolithography (SLA) 12.4.2.3 Extrusion and Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 12.4.2.4 Freeze Nano Printing (FNP) 12.5 3D-Printed MXene and MXene Composite for Batteries 12.5.1 MXene Electrodes for Batteries 12.5.2 3D-Printed MXene Electrodes for Batteries 12.5.3 Merits and Limitations of 3D-Printed MXene Electrodes for Battery 12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective References 13 3D-Printed Nanocomposites for Batteries 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Characteristics and Types of Batteries 13.2.1 Anode and Cathode 13.2.2 Theoretical Voltage 13.2.3 Theoretical and Specific Capacity 13.2.4 Theoretical and Specific Energy 13.2.5 Coulombic Efficiency, C-Rate, and Current Density 13.2.6 Types of Batteries 13.3 3D-Printed Nanocomposites for Batteries 13.3.1 Layered Materials-Based Nanocomposites 13.3.2 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 13.3.3 Chalcogenide-Based Nanocomposites 13.3.4 Nanocomposites for Flexible Batteries 13.4 Conclusion References 14 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors 14.1 Introduction 14.2 3D-Printing Methods 14.2.1 Vat Photopolymerization (VAT-P) 14.2.2 Direct Energy Deposition (DED) 14.2.3 Binder Jetting (BJ) 14.2.4 Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) 14.2.5 Sheet Lamination (SL) 14.2.6 Material Jetting (MJ) Or Inkjet Printing (IJP) 14.2.6.1 Principles of IJP Technique 14.2.7 Material Extrusion (ME) Or Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 14.3 Supercapacitor Performance of 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Materials 14.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 15 Recent Progress in 3D-Printed Metal Oxides Based Materials for Supercapacitors 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitor 15.3 Types of Supercapacitors and Their Mechanisms 15.3.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors 15.3.2 Pseudocapacitors 15.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors 15.4 Introduction to 3D-Print Technology 15.5 Supercapacitors Using 3D-Print Technology 15.5.1 Metal Oxide-Based 3D-Printed Supercapacitors 15.5.2 Metal Oxide-Based 3D-Printed Wearable Supercapacitors 15.4 Conclusion and Perspective References 16 3D-Printed MXenes for Supercapacitors 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 3D-Printing Technique in Supercapacitor Technology 16.1.2 Criteria of Inks Formulations in 3D-Printing Technology 16.2 MXenes in the Fabrication of 3D-Printed Supercapacitors 16.2.1 Why Are MXenes Special in Supercapacitor Technology? 16.2.2 Role of MXenes in Fabricating 3D-Printed Supercapacitors 16.2.3 Chemical Stability and Storage of MXenes Inks for 3D Printing 16.2.4 Factors Affecting the Rheology of MXene Inks for 3D Printing 16.2.5 Formulation of Additive-Free MXene Inks for 3D Printing 16.2.6 Printing and Patterning of MXene Inks On Various Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitors 16.3 Conclusion and Prospects Acknowledgment References 17 3D-Printed Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Materials for Supercapacitors 17.3 Recent Development in 3D-Printed Supercapacitors Using Nanocomposites 17.3.1 Nanocomposites of 2D Materials for 3D-Printed Supercapacitors 17.3.2 Nanocomposites of Metal Oxides for 3D-Printed SCs 17.3.3 Nanocomposites of Metal Sulfides for 3D-Printed SCs 17.3.4 Nanocomposites of Metal Phosphide for 3D-Printed SCs 17.4 Conclusion References 18 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Sensors 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Working Principle of Sensors 18.2.1 Types of Sensors 18.2.2 Flexible and Stretchable Sensors 18.2.3 Figures of Merit of Sensors 18.2.4 Fabrication of Sensors Via 3D Printing 18.3 Role of 3D Print in the Fabrication of Sensors 18.3.1 Graphene-Based 3D-Printed Sensors 18.3.2 CNT Based 3D-Printed Sensors 18.3.3 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Wearable Sensors 18.4 Conclusion and Perspectives References 19 3D-Printing of Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanocomposites for Sensors 19.1 Introduction and Background 19.1.1 Nanomaterials 19.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 19.1.3 Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites 19.1.4 Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Nanocomposites 19.2 3D-Printed Piezoresistive Sensors 19.3 3D-Printed Capacitive Sensors 19.4 3D-Printed Liquid/Vapor Sensors 19.5 Structural Health Monitoring 19.6 Summary References 20 3D-Printed Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Sensors 20.1 Introduction 20.2 3D-Printed MOF Hydrogels and Ionogels for Sensing 20.3 Biochemical and Biomedical Sensors 20.4 3D Printed MOF Chemical and Electrochemical Sensors 20.5 Conclusion and Outlook References 21 3D and 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications 21.1 Introduction 21.2 3D Printing in Neurosurgical Planning and Cardiology 21.3 Prostheses and Orthopedic Surgeries 21.4 Dentistry 21.5 4D Printing 21.6 Conclusion References 22 3D-Printed Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Types of CBNs 22.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 22.2.2 Graphene 22.2.3 Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide 22.2.4 Carbon Dots 22.3 Trends in 3D-Printing Methods for Biomedical Applications 22.3.1 Drug Delivery 22.3.2 Gene Delivery 22.3.3 Biosensing 22.3.4 Bioimaging 22.3.5 Antimicrobial 22.3.6 Tissue Engineering 22.3.6.1 Cardiac Tissue Engineering 22.3.6.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering 22.3.6.3 Nerve Tissue Engineering 22.3.6.4 Cartilage Tissue Engineering 22.3.6.5 Bone Tissue Engineering 22.3.6.6 Skin Tissue Engineering 22.3.7 Dentistry 22.3.8 Diagnosis 22.4 Future Directions and Challenges Acknowledgment References 23 3D-Printed Graphene for Biomedical Applications 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Applications of 3D Graphene-Containing Structures for Biomedical Engineering 23.2.1 Drug And/or Gene Delivery 23.2.2 Biosensing and Bioimaging 23.2.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 23.3 Design and Fabrication 23.4 Biological Functionality 23.5 Clinical Translation 23.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges References 24 3D-Printed Metal Oxides for Biomedical Applications 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Biomedical Applications of Metal Oxides 24.2.1 Drug Delivery and Theranostic Applications 24.2.2 Cancer Therapy 24.2.3 Protection of Implants 24.2.4 Control of Bacterial Effect and Wound Healing 24.3 3D Printing of Metal Oxides 24.3.1 3D Printing of Iron Oxides 24.3.2 3D Printing of Titania (TiO2) 24.3.3 3D Printing of Zirconia (ZrO2) 24.3.4 3D Printing of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 24.4 Conclusions References 25 3D-Printed MXenes for Biomedical Applications 25.1 Synthesis and Structure of MXene Materials 25.2 Unique Characteristics of MXenes for Biomedical Applications 25.3 3D-Printing Techniques of MXenes in Biomedical Applications 25.4 Biomedical Applications of 3D-Printed MXenes 25.4.1 Sensors 25.4.1.1 Biosensors 25.4.1.2 Physical Sensors 25.4.2 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 25.5 Conclusions and Perspective References 26 The Application of 3D Print in the Formulation of Novel Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 26.1 Introduction 26.2 What Is Personalized Medicine? 26.3 Why Is Personalized Medicine Important? 26.4 What Are the Current Methods of Personalized Medicine? 26.5 What Are the Problems With Current Personalized Medicine? 26.6 What Are the Alternative Methods of Achieving Personalized Medicine? 26.7 Why Does 3DP Seem Better Than Other Methods? 26.8 What Is 3D Printing? 26.9 What Can Novelties 3D Printing Provide to Pharmaceutical Sciences? 26.10 What Have 3DP Methods Been Developed Recently? 26.10.1 Inkjet 3DP 26.10.2 Fused Deposition Modelling 26.10.3 Digital Light Processing 26.10.4 Stereolithographic 3D Printing 26.10.5 Selective Laser Sintering 26.10.6 Semisolid Extrusion 26.11 What Have 3DP Methods Been in the Market/Clinical Evaluations? 26.12 What Are the Challenges for the Novel 3DP Methods to Get to the Market? 26.13 Use of 3DP in Pre-Formulation Studies 26.14 Conclusion and Future Trends References 27 Materials and Challenges of 3D Printing for Regenerative Medicine Applications 27.1 Introduction 27.2 3D Bioprinting Modalities 27.2.1 Inkjet Bioprinting 27.2.2 Extrusion Bioprinting 27.2.3 Digital Light Processing (DLP) 27.2.4 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting (LaBP) 27.3 3D Bioprinting for Tissue Regeneration 27.3.1 3D Bioprinting: Neural Regeneration 27.3.2 3D Bioprinting: Osteochondral Tissue 27.3.3 3D Bioprinting: Cardiac Tissue 27.3.4 3D Bioprinting: Vasculature 27.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 27.4.1 4D Bioprinting 27.5 Disclaimer References 28 Analysis of the Use of Hydrogels in Bioprinting 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Characteristics of Hydrogels 28.3 Rheological Properties of Hydrogels 28.4 Composition of Hydrogels Used in Bioprinting 28.5 Types of Bioinks Based On Hydrogels 28.6 Cross-Linking of Hydrogels 28.7 Biofabrication Technologies 28.8 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 29 Additive Manufacturing in the Automotive Industry 29.1 Introduction 29.2 AM in Automotive Product Development 29.3 AM in Automotive Production 29.3.1 Indirect Use of AM 29.3.1.1 Jigs, Fixtures, and Grippers 29.3.1.2 Tooling and Molds 29.3.2 Direct Use of AM 29.3.2.1 Parts With Improved Performance 29.3.2.2 Personalization and Mass Customization 29.3.2.3 Spare Parts On Demand 29.3.2.4 Aftermarket/Niche Accessories 29.4 Discussion 29.5 Conclusions References 30 Materials and Challenges of 3D Printing for Defense Applications and Humanitarian Actions 30.1 Introduction to 3D Printing and the Importance of On and Off-Site Production 30.2 Materials and Strategies in 3D Printing for Defense Applications and Humanitarian Actions 30.3 3D Printing for Individual Objects 30.4 3D Printing for Objects for Machine Maintenance 30.5 Water Treatment Using 3D Printing 30.6 Final Remarks and Perspectives for Next Years References Index
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